Chapter 5

Front 1

androgen

Back 1

generic term for an agent (usually a hormone such as testosterone and androstesterone) that stimulates development of male characteristics

regulate production of sebum

Front 2

ductule

Back 2

very small duct

Front 3

homeostasis

Back 3

state in which the regulatory mechanisms of the body maintain an internal environment within tolerable levels, despite changes in the external environment

control temperature, acidity, and the concentration of salt, food, and waste products

Front 4

synthesize

Back 4

forming a complex substance by the union of simpler compounds or elements

skin synthesizes Vitamin D (needed by bones for calcium absorption)

Front 5

epidermis

Back 5

outer layer of skin. relatively thin over most areas, thickest on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet. composed of several sublayers (strata) the stratum corneum and the basal layer (deepest layer) are most important.

Front 6

stratum corneum

Back 6

composed of dead, flat cells that lack a blood supply and sensory receptors. thickness related to normal wear of area it covers.

Front 7

basal layer

Back 7

the only layer of epidermis that is composed of living cells where new cells are formed. As cells move up toward the stratum corneum to replace the cells that have sloughed off, they die and become filled with keratin.

Front 8

keratin

Back 8

hard protein that fills cells of epidermis after they die. relatively waterproof that prevents body fluids from evaporating and moisture from entering the body

Front 9

melanocytes

Back 9

in basal layer, special cells produce a black pigment (melanin)

Front 10

melanin

Back 10

black pigment that provides a protective barrier from the damaging effects of the sun's ultraviolet radiation, which can cause skin cancer. moderate sun exposure increases rate of production.

Front 11

albino

Back 11

individual who cannot produce melanin and has a marked deficiency of pigment in the eyes, hair and skin

Front 12

dermis

Back 12

second layer of the skin. also called corium. lies directly beneath the epidermis. composed of living tissue and contains numerous capillaries, lymphatic vessels and nerve endings. hair follicles, sebaceous glands and sudoriferous (sweat) glands are also located in this layer

Front 13

hypodermis

Back 13

subcutaneous layer, binds the dermis to underlying structures. composed primarily of loose connective tissue and adipose tissue interlaced with blood vessels.

Front 14

two important glands in the dermis that produce secretions

Back 14

sudoriferous (sweat) gland and sebaceous (oil) gland

Front 15

exocrine gland

Back 15

secrete substances through ducts to outer surface of the body by evaporation, excrete waste products and moisten surface cells

sudoriferous and sebaceous

Front 16

axillae

Back 16

armpit

Front 17

sudoriferous gland

Back 17

sweat gland. secrete perspiration onto the surface of the skin through pores. pores most plentiful on palms, soles, forehead and axillae. main function- cool body by evaporation, excrete waste products and moisten surface cells

Front 18

sebaceous gland

Back 18

filled with cells, the centers contain fatty droplets, as they disintegrate, they release sebum (oily secretion). acidic nature of sebum helps destroy harmful organisms on the skin, thus preventing infection

Front 19

androgens

Back 19

regulate production and secretion of sebum

Front 20

cause of wrinkles?

Back 20

possibly the loss of sebum as the person ages

Front 21

hair

Back 21

found on nearly all parts of the body except for lips, nipples, palms of hands and soles of feet and parts of external genitalia.

Front 22

hair shaft

Back 22

visible part of the hair

Front 23

hair root

Back 23

part that is embedded in the dermis

Front 24

hair follicle

Back 24

hair root plus its coverings

Front 25

papilla

Back 25

at the bottom of the follicle is a loop of capillaries enclosed a covering

cluster of epithelial cells lying over it reproduces and responsible for formation of hair shaft.

Front 26

nails

Back 26

protect the tips of the fingers and toes from bruises and injuries

Front 27

adip/o

Back 27

fat

Front 28

lip/o

Back 28

fat

Front 29

steat/o

Back 29

fat

Front 30

cutane/o

Back 30

skin

Front 31

dermat/o

Back 31

skin

Front 32

derm/o

Back 32

skin

Front 33

hidr/o

Back 33

sweat

Front 34

sudor/o

Back 34

sweat

Front 35

icthy/o

Back 35

dry, scaly

Front 36

melan/o

Back 36

black

Front 37

myc/o

Back 37

fungus

Front 38

onych/o

Back 38

nail

Front 39

ungu/o

Back 39

nail

Front 40

pil/o

Back 40

hair

Front 41

trich/o

Back 41

hair

Front 42

scler/o

Back 42

hardening; sclera (white of eye)

Front 43

seb/o

Back 43

sebum, sebaceous

Front 44

squam/o

Back 44

scale

Front 45

xen/o

Back 45

foreign, strange

Front 46

xer/o

Back 46

dry

Front 47

-cyte

Back 47

cell

Front 48

-derma

Back 48

skin

Front 49

-logist

Back 49

specialist in the study of

Front 50

-logy

Back 50

study of

Front 51

-therapy

Back 51

treatment

Front 52

an-

Back 52

without, not

Front 53

dia-

Back 53

through, across

Front 54

epi-

Back 54

above, upon

Front 55

homo-

Back 55

same

Front 56

hyper-

Back 56

excessive, above normal

Front 57

sub-

Back 57

under, below

Front 58

dermatology

Back 58

treatment of skin disorders

Front 59

dermatologist

Back 59

physician who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of skin diseases

Front 60

lesions

Back 60

areas of tissue that have been pathologically altered by injury, wound, or infection.

described by their appearance, color, location and size in cm

Front 61

localized lesion

Back 61

lesion that effects the tissue over an area of a definite size

Front 62

systemic lesion

Back 62

lesion that maybe spread widely throughout the body

Front 63

primary skin lesion

Back 63

initial reaction to the pathologically altered tissue and may be flat or elevated

Front 64

secondary skin lesion

Back 64

changes that take place in the primary lesion due to infection, scratching, trauma or various stages of disease

Front 65

macule

Back 65

flat lesion, flat, pigmented circumscribed area less than 1cm in diameter

Front 66

flat lesion

Back 66

flat, discolored, circumscribed lesions of any size

Front 67

elevated lesions

Back 67

solid or fluid filled

Front 68

papule

Back 68

solid, elevated lesion less than 1cm in diameter that may be the same color as the skin or pigmented

Front 69

nodule

Back 69

palpable, circumscribed lesion; larger and deeper than a papule (.6 to 2cm in diameter), extends into the dermal area

Front 70

tumor

Back 70

solid, elevated lesion larger than 2cm in diameter that extends into the dermal amd subcutaneous layers

Front 71

wheal

Back 71

elevated, firm rounded lesion with localized edema that varies in size, shape and color; paler in center than its surrounding edges; accompanied by itching

Front 72

vesicle

Back 72

fluid-filler elevated lesion, elevated, circumscribed, fluid-filled lesion less than 0.5 cm in diameter

Front 73

pustule

Back 73

small, raised, circumscribed lesion that contains pus; usually less than 1 cm in diameter (example acne)

Front 74

bulla

Back 74

a vesicle or blister larger than 1 cm in diameter. (fluid filled elevated lesion)

Front 75

depressed lesions

Back 75

caused by loss of skin surface

Front 76

excoriation

Back 76

linear stretch marks or traumatized abrasions of the epidermis (secondary lesion)

Front 77

fissure

Back 77

small slit or crack-like sore that extends into the dermal layer; could be cause by continuous inflammation and drying (secondary skin lesion)

Front 78

ulcer

Back 78

an open sore or lesion that extends to the dermis and usually heals with scarring (secondary skin lesion)

Front 79

burns

Back 79

tissue injuries caused by contact with thermal, chemical, electrical, or radioactive agents. generally occur on the skin, but can also occur in the respiratory tract

Front 80

first-degree burn

Back 80

least serious type of burns because they only injure the top layers of the epidermis, generally blisters do not form and burn heals without scar formation

Front 81

second-degree burn

Back 81

partial thickness burn, deep burns that damage the epidermis and part of the dermis. fluid filled blisters (vesicles or bullae)

Front 82

third-degree burns

Back 82

full thickness burns, epidermis and dermis are destroyed and some of the underlying connective tissue is damaged, leaving skin waxy and charred with insensitivity to touch.

Front 83

dermatoplasty

Back 83

skin grafting

Front 84

rule of nines

Back 84

method of estimating adult body surface area affected by burns

Front 85

neoplasm

Back 85

abnormal growth of new tissue that are classified as benign or malignant

Front 86

benign neoplasm

Back 86

non cancerous growths composed of the same type of cells as the tissues that they are growing, harm individual only insofar as they place pressure on surrounding structures

Front 87

malignant neoplasm

Back 87

also called cancer. composed of cells that tend to become invasive and spread to remote regions of the body (metastasis). tend to enter blood and lymph vessels. if left untreated, cancer tends to be progressive and generally fatal

Front 88

tumor grading

Back 88

cells from tumor site are evaluated to determine the degree of loss of cellular differentiation and function (anaplasia), grade I-IV

Front 89

grade I

Back 89

tumor cells well differentiated. close resemblance to tissue of origin and thus retaining some specialized functions

Front 90

grade II

Back 90

tumor cells moderately or poorly differentiated, less resemblance to tissue of origin, more variation in the size and shape of tumor cells, and increased mitoses

Front 91

grade III

Back 91

tumor cells poorly differentiated, only remote resemblance to tissue of origin, marked variation in shape and size of tumors, greatly increased mitoses

Front 92

grade IV

Back 92

tumor cells very poorly differentiated, abnormal appearance to the extent that recognition of the tumor's origin is difficult. extreme variation in size and shape of tumor cells.

Front 93

tumor-node-metastasis system

Back 93

international system that allows comparison of statistics among cancer centers

T-size and invasiveness of the primary tumor

M-area lymph nodes involved

M-invasiveness (metastasis) of the primary tumor

Front 94

basal cell carcinoma

Back 94

most common type of skin cancer. cancer of the basal layer of the dermis (hair follicles) commonly caused by over exposure to sunlight. tumors are locally invasive but rarely metastisize

Front 95

squamous cell carcinoma

Back 95

arises form skin that undergoes pathological hardening (keratinizing) of epidermal cells. invasive tumor with potential for metastisis and occurs in most commonly in fair-skinned white men over 60.

Front 96

in-situ squamous cell carcinoma

Back 96

confined to the original site

Front 97

invasive squamous cell carcinoma

Back 97

those that penetrate the surrounding tissue

Front 98

malignant melonoma

Back 98

malignant growth of melanocytes, tumor is highly metastic and higher mortality rate than basal or squamous cell carcinomas.

Front 99

abscess

Back 99

localized collection of pus at the site of an infection (characteristically staphycoccal infection)

Front 100

acne

Back 100

inflammatory disease of the sebaceous glands and hair follicles of the skin with characteristic lesions that include blackhead (comedos), inflammatory papules, pustules, and cysts usually associated with seborrhea, also called acne vulgaris

Front 101

alopecia

Back 101

partial or complete loss of hair resulting from normal aging, an endocrine disorder, a drug reaction, anticancer medication, or a skin disease commonly called baldness

Front 102

Bowen disease

Back 102

carcinoma in situ skin, form of intraepidermal carcinoma (squamous cell) characterized by red-brown scaly or crusted lesions that resemble a patch of psoriasis or dermatitis

Front 103

cellulitis

Back 103

diffuse (widespread), acute infection of the skin and subcutaneous tissue

Front 104

chloasma

Back 104

pigmentary skin discoloration usually occuring in yellowish brown patches or spots

Front 105

comedo

Back 105

typical small skin lesion of acne vulgaris caused by accumulation of keratin, bacteria and dried sebum plugging an excretory duct of the skin

Front 106

dermatomycosis

Back 106

infection of the skin caused by fungi

Front 107

ecchymosis

Back 107

skin discoloration consisting of a large, irregularly formed hemorrhagic area with colors changing from blue-black to greenish brown or yellow. commonly called a bruise

Front 108

eczema

Back 108

chronic inflammatory skin condition that is characterized by erythema, papules, vesicles, pustules, scales, crusts and scabs and accompanied by intense itching (pruritis); also called atopic dermatitis

Front 109

erythema

Back 109

redness of the skin cause by swelling of the capillaries

an example is a mild sunburn or nervous blushing

Front 110

eschar

Back 110

dead matter that is sloughed off from the surface of the skin, especially after a burn

such material is commonly crusty or scabbed

Front 111

impetigo

Back 111

bacterial skin infection characterized by isolated pustules that become crusted and rupture

Front 112

keratosis

Back 112

thickened area of the epidermis or any horny growth on the skin (such as a callus or wart)

Front 113

lentigo

Back 113

small brown macules, especially on the face and arms, brought on by sun exposure, usually in middle-aged or older person

Front 114

pallor

Back 114

unnatural paleness or absence of color in the skin

Front 115

pediculosis

Back 115

infestation with lice, transmitted by personal contact or common use of brushes, combs or headgear

Front 116

petechia

Back 116

minute, pinpoint hemorrhage under the skin

smaller version of an echymosis

Front 117

pressure ulcer

Back 117

inflammation, sore or skin deterioration caused by prolonged pressure from lying in one position that prevents blood flow to the tissues, usually in elderly bedridden persons; also known as decubitis ulcer

Front 118

pruritis

Back 118

intense itching

Front 119

psoriasis

Back 119

chronic skin disease characterized bt itchy pale patches covered by thick, dry silvery scales and caused by excessive development of the basal layer of the epidermis'

tends to appear at sites of trauma

Front 120

purpura

Back 120

any of several bleeding disorders characterized by hemorrhage into the tissues, particularly beneath the skin or mucous membranes, producing ecchymoses or petechiae

Front 121

scabies

Back 121

contagious skin disease transmitted by the itch mite, commonly through sexual contact

Front 122

tinea

Back 122

fungal skin infection whose name commonly indicates the body part affected; also called ringworm

Front 123

urticaria

Back 123

allergic reaction of the skin characterized by the eruption of pale red, elevated patches called wheals or hives

Front 124

verruca

Back 124

epidermal growth caused by virus, also known as warts. types include plantar, juvenile and venereal

Front 125

vitiligo

Back 125

localized loss of skin pigmentation characterized by milk-white patches

Front 126

chemical peel

Back 126

chemical removal of the outer layers of skin to treat acne scarring and general keratoses, also called chemabrasion.

commonly used for cosmetic purposes to remove fine wrinkles on the skin

Front 127

cryosurgery

Back 127

use of subfreezing temperature (commonly liquid nitrogen) to destroy or eliminate unwanted tissue, such as tumors, warts and unwanted, cancerous or infected tissue

Front 128

debridement

Back 128

removal of necrotized tissue from a wound by surgical excision, enzymes or chemical agents

Front 129

dermabrasion

Back 129

rubbing (abrasion) using wire brushes or sandpaper to mechanically scrape away (abrade) the epidermis

Front 130

fulguration

Back 130

tissue destruction by means of high-frequency electric current; also called electrodessication

Front 131

photodynamic therapoy (PDT)

Back 131

procedure in which cells selectively treated with an agent called a photosensitizer are exposed to light to produce a reaction that destroys the cells

used in treatment of cancer, actinic keratosis, and macular degenaration

Front 132

biopsy

Back 132

Bx, bx, representative tissue sample removed from a body site for microscopic examination

Front 133

frozen section

Back 133

(FS) ultrathin slices of tissue from a frozen specimen for immediate pathological examination

commonly used for rapid diagnosis of malignancy after the patient has been anesthetized to determine treatment options

Front 134

needle biopsy

Back 134

removal of small tissue sample for examination using a hollow needle usually attached to a syringe

Front 135

punch biopsy

Back 135

removal of a small core of tissue using a hollow punch

Front 136

shave biopsy

Back 136

removal of elevated lesions using a surgical blade

Front 137

Mohs

Back 137

(chemosurgery of the skin) layers of cancer-containing skin are progressively removed and examined until only cancer-free tissue remains

Front 138

skin graft

Back 138

transplantation of healthy tissue to an injured site

human, animal or artificial skin can be used to provide a temporary covering or permanent layer of skin over a wound or burn

Front 139

allograft

Back 139

transplanting of healthy tissue from one person to another; also called homograft

skin donor is usually a cadaver. type of skin graft is temporary and is used to protect the patient against infection and fluid loss

Front 140

autograft

Back 140

transplantation of healthy tissue from one site to another site in the same individual

Front 141

synthetic graft

Back 141

transplantation of artificial skin produced from collagen fibers arranged in a lattice pattern

the patient's body does not reject this transplant and healing skin grows into it as the graft gradually disentergrates

Front 142

xenograft

Back 142

transplantation (dermis only) from a foreign donor (usually a pig) and transferred to a human; also called a heterograft

used as a temporary graft to protect patient against infection and fluid loss

Front 143

allergy skin test

Back 143

any test in which a suspected allergen or sensitizer is applied to or injected into the skin to determine the patient's sensitivity to it.

Front 144

intradermal skin test

Back 144

skin test that identifies suspected allergens by subcutaneously injecting small amounts of extracts of suspected allergens and observing skin for a subsequent reaction

Front 145

patch skin test

Back 145

identifies allergic contact dermatitis by applying a suspected allergen to a patch which is then taped on the skin, usually the forearm, and observing the area 24 hours later for an allergic reaction

Front 146

scratch skin test

Back 146

skin test that identifies suspected allergens by placing a small quantity of the suspected allergen on a lightly scratched area of the skin; also called puncture or prick test

Front 147

culture and sensitivity (C&S)

Back 147

lab test that grows a colony of bacteria removed from an infected area (such as an ulcer, wound or pus from an infection) in order to identify the specific infecting bacterium and then determine its sensitivity to antibiotic drugs

Front 148

antifungals

Back 148

alter the cell wall of fungi or disrupt enzyme activity, resulting in cell death.

Front 149

antihistamines

Back 149

inhibit allergic reactions of inflammation, redness, and itching caused by the release of histamine

Front 150

antiparasitics

Back 150

kills insect parasites, such as mites and lice

Front 151

antiseptics

Back 151

topically applied agents that inhibit growth of bacteria, thus preventing infections in cuts, scratches and surgical incisions

Front 152

corticosteroids

Back 152

decrease inflammation and itching by suppressing the immune system's inflammatory response to tissue damage

Front 153

keratolytics

Back 153

destroy and soften the outer layer of skin so that it is sloughed off or shed

Front 154

protectives

Back 154

cover, cool, dry or soothe inflamed skin

do not penetrate the skin or soften it

Front 155

topical anesthetics

Back 155

block sensation of pain by numbing the skin layers and mucous membranes

Front 156

bx, Bx

Back 156

biopsy

Front 157

BCC

Back 157

basal cell carcinoma

Front 158

C&S

Back 158

culture and sensitivity

Front 159

CA

Back 159

cancer, chronological age, cardiac arrest

Front 160

FS

Back 160

frozen section

Front 161

ID

Back 161

intradermal

Front 162

I&D

Back 162

incision an drainage

Front 163

IMP

Back 163

impression (synonymous with diagnosis

Front 164

TNM

Back 164

tumor-mode-metastasis

Front 165

ung

Back 165

ointment

Front 166

XP, XDP

Back 166

xeroderma pigmentosum