Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Seed plants originated _____________ |
about 360 million years ago |
|
Key adaptations of seed plants |
seeds, pollen grains, reduced gametophytes, heterospory, ovules, pollen |
|
Megasporangia |
produce megaspores that give rise to female gametophytes
|
|
Microsporangia |
produce microspores that give rise to male gametophytes |
|
an ________ consists of a megasporangium, megaspore, and one or more protective integuments (layers) |
ovule |
|
Microspores develop into ____________ , which contain the male gametophytes |
pollen grains |
|
Pollination |
the transfer of pollen to the part of a seed plant containing the ovules |
|
The Evolutionary Advantages of Seeds |
- they may remain dormant for days to years, until conditions are favorable fo rgermination - seeds have a supply of stored food -they may be transported long distances by wind or animals |
|
When did gymnosperms first appear in fossil record? |
about 305 million years ago |
|
What made gymnosperms so successful? |
they were better suited than nonvascular plants to drier conditions |
|
________ now dominate more terrestrial ecosystems |
angiosperms |
|
Today, cone-bearing gymnosperms called ________ dominate in the northern latitudes |
conifers |
|
Gymnospore seeds are exposed on _______ that form cones |
sporophylls |
|
what are the four phyla of gymnosperms? |
- Cycadophyta - Gingkophyta - Gnetophyta - Coniferophyta |
|
Characteristics of Pylum Cycadophyta |
individuals have large cones and palmlike leaves (thrived during the Mesozoic, but relatively few species exist today) |
|
Characteristics of Phylum Ginkgophyta |
has a high tolerance to air pollution and is a popular ornamental tree (only living species Ginkgo biloba) |
|
Characteristics of Phylum Gnetophyta |
species vary in appearance, and some are tropical whereas others live in deserts |
|
Characteristics of Phylum Coniferophyta |
most are evergreens and can carry out photosynthesis year round (the largest of the gymnosperm phyla) |
|
What are the three key features of the gymnosperm life cycle? |
1. Dominance of the sporophyte generation 2. Developement of seeds from fertilized ovules 3. The transfer of sperm to ovules by pollen |
|
Pine Life Cycle |
-it is sporophyte and produces sporangia in male and female cones. - the small cones produce microspores called pollen grains, aech containing a male gametophyte - the larger cones contain ovules, which produce megaspores that develop into female gametophytes - it takes about three years from cone production to mature seed |
|
________ are seedless plants with reproductive structures called flowers and fruits. (also the most widespread and diverse of all plants) |
Angiosperms |
|
What did Darwin call the origin of angiosperms? |
"abominable mystery" |
|
Angiosperms originated ____________ |
at least 140 million years ago |
|
What phylum are angiosperms classified into |
Anthophyta |
|
Angiosperms key adaptations |
1. Flowers 2. Fruits |
|
Flowers (S and F) |
S: specialized shoot with up to four types of modified leaves F: sexual reproduction |
|
Flower Structure |
|
|
What does the stamen consist of? |
- stalk called a filament - sac called an anther (where pollen is produced) |
|
What does the carpel consist of? |
- ovary at the base - style leading up to a stigma (where pollen is received) |
|
Fruits (S and F) |
S: typically consists of a mature ovary but can also include other flower parts F: protect seeds and aid in their dispersal |
|
mature fruits can be either _____ or _______ |
fleshy; dry |
|
What fruit adaptations help disperse seeds? |
- wings - barbs - berries/edible |
|
Seeds can be carried by _______ , _________, or _______ to new locations |
wind; water; animals |
|
Angiosperm Life Cycle |
1. a pollen grain lands on a stigma 2. it germinates and the pollen tube of the male gametophyte grows down to the ovary 3. the ovule is entered by a pore called the micropyle 4. double fertilization occurs when the pollen tube discharges two sperm into the female gametophyte within an ovule 5. one sperm fertilizes the egg, while the other combines with two nuclei in the central cell of the female gametophyte and initiates development of food storing endosperm 6. the triploid endosperm nourishes the the developing embryo 7. within a seed, the embryo consists of a root and two seed leaves called cotyledons |
|
How are angiosperms classified? |
Single Phylum: Anthophyta - Genus: Amborella - Water Lillies - Star Anise - Magnaloids - Monocots - Eudicots |
|
Basal Angiosperms |
- Amborella trichopedia - water lillies - star anise |
|
Magnoliids include _________ , _________ , and ______________ |
magnolias; laurels; black pepper plants |
|
Magnoliids are more closely related to ________ and _______ than basal angiosperm |
monocots; eudicots |
|
More than one-quarter of angiosperm species are ____________ |
monocots |
|
More than two-thirds of angiosperm species are ________ |
eudicots |
|
Monocot and Eudicot Characteristics |
|
|
What does co-evolution refer to? |
animals influence the evolution of plants and vice versa |
|
No group of plants is more important to human survival than ___________ |
seed plants |
|
Plants are key sources of _______, _______, _______, and _________ |
food; fuel; wood products; medicine |
|
Which 6 human food crops yield 80% of the calories consumed by humans? |
wheat, rice, maize (corn), potatoes, cassava, and sweet potatoes |
|
Many seed plants provide ______ |
wood |
|
Secondary compounds of seed plants are used in _________ |
medicines |
|
_____________ is causing extinction of many plant species |
Destruction of habitat |
|
Loss of plant habitat is often accompanied by loss of the _________ that plants support |
animal species |
|
Derived Traits of Seed Plants |
|
|
Cross-pollination |
The transfer of pollen from the male reproductive organ (an anther or a male cone) of one plant to the female reproductive organ (a stigma or a female cone) of another plant. |
|
Micropyle |
a small opening in the surface of an ovule, through which the pollen tube penetrates, often visible as a small pore in the ripe seed. |
|
Double Fertilization |
a complex fertilizationmechanism of flowering plants (angiosperms). This process involves the joining of a female gametophyte (megagametophyte, also called the embryo sac) with two male gametes (sperm). |
|
Endosperm |
the part of a seed that acts as a food store for the developing plant embryo, usually containing starch with protein and other nutrients. |
|
Cotyledons |
an embryonic leaf in seed-bearing plants, one or more of which are the first leaves to appear from a germinating seed. |
|
Reproductive Shoot Diagram |
|