Chapter 3- The Cellular Level Of Organization

Front 1

Cytology

Back 1

Study of cellular structure and function

Front 2

Cell Biology

Back 2

Incorporates aspects of biology, chemistry, and physics.

Front 3

Sex cells (germ/reproductive cells)

Back 3

sperm of males or the oocytes of females

Front 4

Somatic cells

Back 4

Include all the other cells in the human body

Front 5

Human body contains two general classes of cells

Back 5

Sex cells, Somatic cells

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extracellular fluid

Back 6

Model cell that is surrounded by a watery medium

Front 7

interstitial fluid

Back 7

extracellular fluid in most tissues

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cell membrane/plasma membrane

Back 8

The outer boundary of the cell

Front 9

Functions of the cell membrane/plasma membrane

Back 9

Physical Isolation, Regulation of Exchange with the Environment, Sensitivity to the Environment, Structural Support

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phospholipid bilayer

Back 10

cell membrane

Front 11

Integral proteins

Back 11

part of the membrane structure and cannot be removed without damaging or destroying the membrane

Front 12

Peripheral proteins

Back 12

bound to the inner or outer surface of the membrane and are easily separated from it

Front 13

Anchoring proteins

Back 13

Attach the cell membrane to other structures and stabilize it position

Front 14

recognition proteins

Back 14

Cells of the immune system (Identifiers)recognize other cells as normal or abnormal based on the presence or absence of characteristic

Front 15

Functions of Membrane Proteins

Back 15

Anchoring proteins, recognition proteins (identifiers),enzymes, receptor proteins,carrier proteins and channels

Front 16

Receptor proteins

Back 16

bonds to a specific molecule as another substance and initiates the cellular response to the ligands

Front 17

ligands

Back 17

cell membrane are sensitive to the presence of specific extracellular molecules

Front 18

Carrier proteins

Back 18

bind solutes and transport them across the cell membrane.

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Channel

Back 19

integral proteins contain a central pore that forms a passageway completely across the cell membrane.

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glycocalyx

Back 20

The carbohydrate portions of these large molecules extend beyond the outer surface of the membrane, forming a layer

Front 21

Functions of Glycocalyx

Back 21

Lubrication and protection, anchoring and locomotion, specificity in binding and recognition

Front 22

cytoplasm

Back 22

material located between the cell membrane and the membrane surrounding the nucleus

Front 23

cytosol/intracellular fluid

Back 23

contains dissolved nutrients, ions,soluble and insoluble proteins, and waste products

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organelles

Back 24

structures suspended within the cytosol that perform functions within the cell

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nonmembranous organelles

Back 25

Not completely enclosed by membranes, and all of their components are in direct contact with the cytosol

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membranous organelles

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Isolated from the cytosol by phospholipid membranes, just as the cell membrane isolates the cytosol from the extracellular fluid

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cytoskeleton

Back 27

It provides an internal protein framework that gives the cytoplasm strength and flexibility

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microfilaments

Back 28

smallest of the cytoskeletal elements

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actin

Back 29

typical microfilaments are composed of the protein

Front 30

intermediate filaments

Back 30

???

Front 31

Cytoskeleton- four components

Back 31

microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules, and thick filaments

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microtubules

Back 32

all our cells contain microtubules, hollow tubes built from the globular protein tubulin

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Tubulin

Back 33

????

Front 34

thick filaments

Back 34

relatively massive bundles of subunits composed of the protein myosin

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myosin

Back 35

????

Front 36

microvilli

Back 36

Small finger shaped projections of the cell membrane on their exposed surfaces

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Centrioles

Back 37

all animal cells capable of undergoing cell division contain a pair

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centrosome

Back 38

The cytoplasm surrounding the centriles is the heart of the cytoskeletal system

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cilia

Back 39

relatively long slender extensions of the cell membrane

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basal body

Back 40

microtubules are anchored to a compact basal body situated just beneath the cell surface

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small ribosomal subunit

Back 41

functional ribosome consists of two subunits that are normally separate and distinct. Subunits contain special proteins and 1 of the RNA types

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large ribosomal subunit

Back 42

???

Front 43

ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

Back 43

???

Front 44

free ribosomes

Back 44

scattered throughout the cytoplasm. The proteins they manufacture enter the cytosol.

Front 45

fixed ribosomes

Back 45

attached to the endoplasmic reticulum(ER) a membranous organelle

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ribosomes

Back 46

an organelle that contains rRNA and proteins and is essential to mRNA translation and protein synthesis

Front 47

proteasomes

Back 47

organelles that contain an assortment of protein-digesting enzymes.

Front 48

endoplasmic reticulum/ER

Back 48

a network of intracellular membranes connected to the nuclear envelope, which surrounds the nucleus.

Front 49

cisternae

Back 49

ER forms hollow tubes, flattened sheets, and chambers

Front 50

smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)

Back 50

no ribosomes are associated with the SER and has 4 functions all associated with the synthesis of lipids and carbs,

Front 51

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER) functions

Back 51

synthesis of the phospholipids and cholesterol, synthesis of steroid hormones, synthesis and storage of glycerides, syn. & stor. of glycogen

Front 52

rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)

Back 52

functions as a combination workshop and shipping depot, many newly syn. proteins are chemically modified and packaged for export to next destination

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transport vesicles

Back 53

subsequently deliver their contents to the
Golgi apparatus, ??????

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Golgi apparatus

Back 54

a transport vesicle carries a newly synth. protein or glycoprotein that is destined for export from cell, travels from ER to an organelle (stack of dinner plates)

Front 55

Secretory vesicles

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contain secretions that will be discharged from the cell

Front 56

peroxisomes

Back 56

a membranous vesicle containing enzymes that break down hypdrogne peroxie (H2O2)

Front 57

Membrane flow

Back 57

the movement of sections of membrane surface to and from the cell surface and components of the ER, Golgi apparatus, and vesicles

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mitochondria

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an intracellular organelle responsible for generating most of the ATP required for cellular operations (responsible for energy production)

Front 59

cristae

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inner membrane of the mitochondria contains numerous folds

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matrix

Back 60

the extracellular fibers and ground substance of a connective tissue

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Glycolysis

Back 61

the anaerobic cytoplasmic breakdown of glucose into lactic acid by way of pruvic acid, with a net gain of two ATP molecules

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tricarboxylic acid cycle/TCA cycle

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the aerobic reaction sequence that occurs in the matrix of mitochondria ?????pg g-20

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aerobic metabolism

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the complete breakdown of organic substrates into carbon dioxide and water,via pyruvic acid, a process that yields large amts. of ATP ....

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nucleus

Back 64

a cellular organelle that contains DNA, RNA, and proteins, in the central nervous system, a mass of gray matter.

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lysosomes

Back 65

an intracellular vesicle containing digestive enzymes

Front 66

autolysis

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the destruction of a cell due to the rupture of lysosomal membranes in its cytoplasm

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nuclear envelope

Back 67

surrounding the nucleus and separating it from the cytosol

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perinuclear space

Back 68

a double layer membrane with its two layers separated by a narrow space ???

Front 69

nuclear pores

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chemical communication between the nucleus and the cytosol occurs

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nuclear matrix

Back 70

a network of fime filaments that provides structural support and may be involved in the regulation of genetic activity.

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nucleoli

Back 71

transient nuclear organelles that synthesize ribosomal RNA

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histones

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nucleoli composed of RNA, enzymes, and proteins

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nucleosome

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the DNA strands wind around the histones, forming a complex

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chromatin

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cells that are not dividing, the nucleosomes are loodely coiled within the nucleus, forming a tangle of fine filaments

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chromosomes

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before cell division begins, the coiling becomes tighter, forming distinct structures

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Genetic code

Back 76

chemical language, the cell uses

Front 77

gene

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the functional unit of heredity: it contains all the DNA triplets needed to produce specific proteins

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gene activation

Back 78

Before a gene can affect a cell, the portion of the DNA molecule containing that gene must be uncoiled and the histones temporarily removed????

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RNA polymerase

Back 79

an enzyme, binds to the promoter of the gene

Front 80

transcription

Back 80

the production of RNA from a DNA template. It means "to copy" or "rewrite"

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Messenger RNA

Back 81

carries the information needed to synthesize proteins. Is absolutely vital, because DNA cannot leave the nucleus.

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coding strand

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strand containing the triplets that specify the sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide

Front 83

template strand

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the other strand, contains complementary triplets that will be used as a template for mRNA production

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RNA processing

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immature mRNA must be "edited" before it leaves the nucleus to direct protein synthesis

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introns

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nonsense regions that are snipped out

Front 86

exons

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coding segments that are spliced together

Front 87

protein synthesis

Back 87

the assembling of functional polypeptides in the cytoplasm

Front 88

translation

Back 88

the formation of a linear chain of amino acids, using the information provided by an mRNA strand. this crap don't make sense!!!

Front 89

transfer RNA (tRNA)

Back 89

a relatively small and mobile type of RNA