Chapter 3 Biology Mcgraw Hill (Tams)

Front 1

the framework of biological molecules consists of carbon bounded to ___

Back 1

carbon or other atoms

Front 2

biological molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen are ___

Back 2

hydrocarbons

Front 3

___ bonds store considerable energy

Back 3

covalent

Front 4

specific groups of atoms attached to carbon backbone; retain definite chemical properties

Back 4

functional groups

Front 5

categories of macromolecules

Back 5

proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, carbohydrates

Front 6

long molecules built by linking together smaller, similar subunits

Back 6

polymers

Front 7

molecules are often ___

Back 7

polymers

Front 8

removes -OH and H during synthesis of a new molecule

Back 8

dehydration synthesis

Front 9

breaks a covalent bond by adding -OH and H

Back 9

hydrolysis

Front 10

functions of proteins

Back 10

Defense, Regulation, Enzyme catalysis, Support, Storage, Transport, Motion
DRESS The Maid

Front 11

___ contain an amino group(___), a carboxyl(___) group, and a hydrogen atom all banded to a single carbon atom

Back 11

amino acids, -NH_2_, -COOH

Front 12

symbol of the interchangable group for amino acids

Back 12

R

Front 13

bond that links two amino acids

Back 13

peptide bond

Front 14

a molecular chain of amino acids

Back 14

polypeptide

Front 15

a protein is composed of one or more polypeptides linked by ___

Back 15

peptide bonds

Front 16

a protein's function is determined by its ___

Back 16

shape

Front 17

weak attractions between atoms due to oppositely polarized electron clouds

Back 17

Van der Waals attractions

Front 18

levels of protein structure

Back 18

primary, secondary, motifs, tertiary, domains, quarternary

Front 19

protein's specific amino acid sequence; permits great diversity

Back 19

primary structure

Front 20

folding of amino acid chains
Ex: B pleated sheet, helix

Back 20

secondary structure

Front 21

folds or creases (combines secondary structures)

Back 21

motifs

Front 22

final folded shape of globular pattern (combines motifs)

Back 22

tertiary structure

Front 23

functional units made of tertiary structures

Back 23

domains

Front 24

connects the domains of a protein

Back 24

polypeptide chain

Front 25

forms when two polpeptide chains associate to form a protein
(subunit arrangement)

Back 25

quarternary

Front 26

special proteins which help new proteins fold correctly
(deficiencies may play a role in certain diseases)

Back 26

chaperone proteins

Front 27

the process of changing a protein's shape or unfolding

Back 27

denaturation

Front 28

after denaturing, a protein is considered ___

Back 28

biologically inactive

Front 29

encodes info used to assemble proteins

Back 29

DNA-deoxyribonucleic acid

Front 30

reads DNA-encoded info to direct protein synthesis

Back 30

RNA-rybonucleic acid

Front 31

nucleic acids are composed of long polymers of repeating subunits, ___

Back 31

nucleotides

Front 32

DNA's structure

Back 32

-double stranded molecules that form a double helix
-complementary base pairing connected by hydrogen bonding

Front 33

RNA's structure

Back 33

-exists as a single strand
-replaces dioxyribose with ribose (D->R)
-replaces thymine with uracil (T->U)

Front 34

loosely defined as groups of molecules that are insoluble in water
Ex: fats/oils

Back 34

lipids

Front 35

form the core of all biological membranes

Back 35

phospholipids

Front 36

3 subunits of phospholipids that form a bilayer in water - the structure of cell membranes

Back 36

glycerol, fatty acids, phosphate group

Front 37

three carbon alcohol

Back 37

glycerol

Front 38

long chains of -CH_2_

Back 38

fatty acids

Front 39

consist of a glycerol molecule w/three attatched fatty acids

Back 39

fats
trigleride/triglycerol

Front 40

all internal carbon atoms in fat are bonded to at least two H atoms

Back 40

saturated fat

Front 41

more than one double bond in a fat

Back 41

unsaturated fat

Front 42

fats store ___ energy than carbs

Back 42

more

Front 43

animal fats are ___
plant fats are ___

Back 43

saturated
unsaturated

Front 44

excess carbs lead to ___

Back 44

conversion into starch, glycogen, or fats for future uses

Front 45

molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio

Back 45

carbohydrates

Front 46

simple sugars (3 carbs, usually 6)

Back 46

monosaccharides

Front 47

two monosaccharides joined by a covalent bond

Back 47

disaccharides

Front 48

macromolecules made of monosaccharide subunits

Back 48

polysaccharides

Front 49

different forms of the same substance (atoms rearranged to make different molecules)

Back 49

isomers

Front 50

humans transfer ___ as a simple monosaccharide to circulate blood

Back 50

glucose

Front 51

when glucose combines with fructose, they form a ___, used to transport glucose in plants

Back 51

disaccharide, sucrose (table sugar)

Front 52

plant polysaccharides formed from glucose used for storing metabolic energy

Back 52

starches

Front 53

animal form of starch

Back 53

glycogen

Front 54

structural carb for plants
-alpha/beta forms make a ring

Back 54

cellulose

Front 55

modified form of cellulose for arthropods/fungi

Back 55

chitin