Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
Matter |
All of the substances of the universe that have mass & occupy space |
|
|
Atoms are composed of: |
Protons Neutrons Electrons |
|
|
Protons |
Positively charged particles, always found in the nucleus
|
|
|
Neutrons |
Neutral particles, always found in the nucleus |
|
|
Electrons |
Negatively charged particles that have almost no mass & are in constant motion
|
|
|
Atomic Number |
the number of protons in a given atom |
|
|
Elements |
Atoms with the same atomic number -pure substances that can't be broken down by ordinary chemical means |
|
|
Atomic Mass |
The sum of protons & neutrons
|
|
|
Neutral Atoms |
Same number of protons and electrons
|
|
|
Ions |
The number of electrons is not equal to the number of protons -when atoms gain or lose electrons, they become negatively or positively charged |
|
|
Cations |
Have more protons than electrons and are positively charged |
|
|
Anions |
Have more electrons than protons and are negatively charged |
|
|
Isotopes |
Atoms of the same element that have different number of neutrons |
|
|
Oxidation |
An atom of molecule loses an electron |
|
|
Reduction |
An atom or molecule gains an electron |
|
|
Redox Reaction |
When the process of oxidation and reduction are coupled -electrons carry energy from one mlc. to another |
|
|
Periodic Table |
Elements according to atomic number and properties -Invented by Dmitri Mendeleev |
|
|
Valence Electrons |
electrons in the outermost energy level of an atom -i.e.- Hydrogen has 1 valence electron
|
|
|
Octet Rule |
Rule of eight -atoms tend to establish completley fill outermost energy levels |
|
|
CHON |
Four elements found in large quantities:` Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen |
|
|
Molecules |
atoms held together in a stable association |
|
|
Compounds |
molecules containing more than one type of element |
|
|
Chemical Bonds |
A bond between atoms resulting from attraction from oppositely charged atoms - the sharing of one or more pairs of electrons between atoms |
|
|
Covalent Bonds |
When two atoms share one or more paris of valence electrons Build stable molecules - i.e.- H2,O2, & N2 |
|
|
Ionic Bonds |
formed by the attraction of oppositely charged ions |
|
|
Ionic Compounds |
Held together by Ionic bonds |
|
|
Ionization |
Ionic compounds tend to separate in water |
|
|
Electronegativity |
Atom's affinity for electrons |
|
|
Polar Covalent Bond |
molecule that has an uneven charge |
Uneven |
|
Hydrogen Bonds |
Weak attractions between the partial negative regions & partial positive regions of water molecules. |
Weak |
|
Cohesive |
The attraction of water molecules for each other |
Attraction |
|
Hydrophobic Exclusion |
Nonpolar molecules tend to aggregate or organize in ways that minimize their contact with water. |
Minimize |
|
Adhesive |
The ability of water to be attracted to itself & to other polar molecules or charged substances |
Attracted |
|
Hydrogen Bonding |
Determines the high specific heat of water |
High |
|
Soluble |
Ability of a substance to dissolve in solution |
Dissolve |
|
Solvent |
The solute is dissolved |
|
|
Solute |
Substance that is dissolved |
|
|
Hydrophilic |
"Water Loving" |
|
|
Hydrophobic |
"water-fearing" |
|
|
Hydrophobic Exclusion |
Water forces the hydrophobic portions of molecules together. |
Forces |
|
The pH Scale |
Measure hydrogen ion concentration -pH= -log[H+] |
Measure |
|
Acidic Solution |
pH less than 7 -H+ ion concentration is higher than OH- ion concentration |
|
|
Alkaline Basic Solution |
pH greater than 7; -ion concentration is lower than OH- ion concentration |
|
|
Acid |
A chemical substance that releases H+ ions in water & increases the concentration of H+ ions - Lower pH |
|
|
Base |
A chemical that accepts H+ ions & lowers the concentration of H+ ions -Raises pH |
|
|
Buffer |
Acts as a reservoir for H+ ions by opposing resisting any changes in pH |
Opposing |
|
Surface Tension |
The cohesion of water |
|
|
Specific Heat |
The amount of heat required to change one gram of substance one degree Celsius |
|
|
Heat of Vaporization |
The amount of heat required to change one gram of liquid to gass |
|
|
Evaporation Cooling |
The evaporation of water from a surface releases lots of heat energy, which cools the surface |
|
|
Hydration Shell |
This sphere of water molecules |
|
|
Mole |
Weight in grams of the sum of atomic masses |
|