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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
Why do we need to design experiments" |
Psychology is first and foremost a science and must be based on research |
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Hindsight Bias |
The tendency to believe, after learning the outcome, that you knew it all along. |
Monday Morning quarterbacking |
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Overconfidence |
•Wetend to think we know more than we do.
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ExampleS: •82% of U.S. drivers consider themselves to be in the top 30% of their group in terms of safety. •81% of new business owners felt they had an excellent chance of their businesses succeeding. When asked about the success of their peers, the answer was only 39%. |
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The Barnum Effect |
the tendency for people to accept very general or vague characterizations ofthemselves and take them to be accurate. |
Like fake fortunetellers telling you about yourself |
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Applied vs Basic Research |
•AppliedResearch has clear, practical applications.•YOUCAN USE IT!!! •BasicResearch explores questions that you may be curious about, but not intended tobe immediately used. |
Applied:" how people learn multisyllabic words most easily. Basic: How kissing changes as you age |
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Methods of psychological reserach |
1. Experimental 2. correlational 3. Survey 4. Naturalistic observation 5. Case studies |
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Experimental method |
•Lookingto prove causal relationships. •Cause= Effect •Laboratoryv. Field Experiments |
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Hypothesis |
•Expressesa relationship between two variables. •Avariable is anything that can vary among participants in a study. |
Example: Participating in class leads to better grades than not participating. |
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Independent Variable |
•Whateveris being manipulated in the experiment. •Hopefullythe independent variable brings about change. |
If there is a drug in an experiment, thedrug is almost always the independent variable. |
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Dependent Variable |
•Whateveris being measured in the experiment. •It isdependent on the independent variable. |
Example: Effect of the drug |
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Operational Definitions |
•Explainwhat you mean in your hypothesis. •Howwill the variables be measured in “real life” terms.•Howyou operationalize the variables will tell us if the studyis valid and reliable. |
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Sampling |
•Identifythe population you want to study. •Thesample must be representative of the population you want to study.•GET ARANDOM SAMPLE.•StratifiedSampling |
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Confounding Variables |
•Theobject of an experiment is to prove that A causes B. •Aconfounding variable is anything that could cause change in B, that is not A. |
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Random Assignment |
•Once you have a random sample, randomly assigning them into two groups helps control for confounding variables. •ExperimentalGroup v. Control Group. •GroupMatching |
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Hawthorne Effect |
•even the control group may experience changes. •Justthe fact that you know you are in an experiment can cause change. |
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Experimenter Bias |
•Anotherconfounding variable.•Not aconscious act. •Double-BlindProcedure protects against this. |
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•Placeboeffect |
Effect of thinking you feel something even though you are given a non-drug |
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Order Effects |
how the positioning of question or tasks in a survey, test, etc., influences the outcome. This is designed to measure whether the order of the questions makes a difference in the outcome of the survey.Read more: http://www.alleydog.com/glossary/definition.php?term=Order%20Effect#ixzz3xYwF2AQj |
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correlational method |
•Correlationexpresses a relationship between two variable. •Doesnot show causation. |
Positive: effects go in same direction Negative - effects go in opposite directions |
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Survey Method |
Most common type of study inpsychology Measures correlation Cheap and fast Need a good random sample Low-response |
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Naturalistic observation |
•Watchsubjects in their natural environment. •Donot manipulate the environment. •Thegood is that there is no Hawthorne effect. •Thebad is that we can never really show cause and effect. |
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Correlation Coefficient |
A number that measures the strength of a relationship. Range is from -1 to +1 The relationship gets weaker the closer you get to zero. |
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Case studies |
•Adetailed picture of one or a few subjects. •Tellsus a great story…but is just descriptive research. •Doesnot even give us correlation data. |
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Statistics |
•Recordingthe results from our studies. •Mustuse a common language so we all know what we are talking about. |
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Descriptive statistics |
•Justdescribes sets of data. •Youmight create a frequency distribution. •Frequencypolygons or histograms. |
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Central tendency |
•Mean,Median and Mode.Watch out for extreme scores oroutliers |
Ex: Dunder Mifflin paper company - boss has huge salary that skews the results of average. |
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Normal Distribution |
mean, median and mode are all the same. |
Middle of bell curve |
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Issues with distribution |
•Outliersskew distributions. •Ifgroup has one high score, the curve has a positive skew (contains more lowscores) •If agroup has a low outlier, the curve has a negative skew (contains more highscores) |
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Range and Standard Deviation |
•Range: distance from highest to lowest scores. •StandardDeviation: thevariance of scores around the mean. •Thehigher the variance or SD, the more spread out the distribution is. |
•Do scientists want a big or small SD? |
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z scores |
•Aunit that measures the distance of one score from the mean. •Apositive z score means a number above the mean. •Anegative z score means a number below the mean. |
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Normal distribution |
Bell curve |
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Inferential statistics |
•Thepurpose is to discover whether the finding can be applied to the largerpopulation from which the sample was collected. •T-tests,ANOVA or MANOVA •P-value=.05 for statistical significance. •5%likely the results are due to chance. |
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APA Ethical guidelines |
•IRB-Internal Review Board•Bothfor humans and animals. |
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Guidelines for animal research |
Clear purpose Treated in a humane wayAcquire animals legally Least amount of suffering possible. |
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Human resewarch guidelines |
•NoCoercion- must be voluntary•Informedconsent •Anonymity •Nosignificant risk •Mustdebrief |
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