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64 Cards in this Set
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biological scientists
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branch of psych concerned with links btw bio and behav
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neuron
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nerve cell; basic building block of the nervous system
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dendrite
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the bushy branching extensions of a neuron that recieve messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body
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axon
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extensions of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers through which messages pass to other neurons or muscles or glands
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myleansheath
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layer of fatty tissue segmentally encasing fibers of many neurons, enables much faster transmission speed of neural impulses as impulse hops from one node to the next
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action potential
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neural impulse. briev exectrical charge that travels down an axon. ggenerated by mvmt of + charged atoms in and out of channels in the axon's membrane
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threshold
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level of stimulation required to trigger a neural response
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Dopamine
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rewards brain; learning;attencion;emotion; controls voluntary mvmt; addiction
too much: schitzophrenia too little: parkinson's disease, ADHD, tourettes syndrome |
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Serotonin
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SSRI calming effect, mood/ emotion, hunger, sleep and arousal, involved in perception
too much: little appetite too little: mood disorders (depression), OCD, aggressiveness, sleep trouble |
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Gaba
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inhibitory. main inhibitory neurotransmitter; reduces anxiety
too much: real laid back (barbituate use) too little: anxiety, sleep disorder, eating disorders |
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Acetylcholine (Ach)
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muscle action; learning; memory and peralisis
too much: contraction of muscles (black widow) too little: alzhelmers, muscles can't contract |
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Norepinphrine
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helps control alertness& arousal& moodstates
too much: aggitation, elevated mood and rousal, overinflated sense of self too little: depression, mood disorders (chronic stress delpetes it) |
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glutamine
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exitatory neuron; involved in memory
too much: brain over stimulation (seizures and migranes) |
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endorphins
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pain reduction; pleasure (enhance dopamine release), hibernation
too much: do to opiate use (heroin) feeling of euphoria too little: discomfort, real cranky (heroin withdrawl) |
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synapse
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junction btw axon tip of sending neuron and the dendrite/cell body of recieving one- gap=synaptic gap/cleft
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neurotransmitters
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chemicalmessengers that traverse the synaptic gaps btw neurons from neuron->synapse->bind to receptor sites on recieving neuron; influencing whether that neuron will generate a neural impulse
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reuptake
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sendingneuron reabsorbs the excess neurotransmitter molecules
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angonist
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a molecule similiar to the neurotransmitter to mimic its effects or itmay block reuptake (ex opiates)
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antagonist
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a drugg molecule that inhibits a neurotransmitter's release (ex. botulin)
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nervous system
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body's speedy electrochemical ccommunication network consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and chentral nervous system
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central nervous system (CNS)
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brain and spinal chord
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peripheral nervous system (PNS)
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the sensory and motor neurons that connect the CNS to the rest of the body
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nerves
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natural "cables" containing many axons. these bundled axons, which are part of the peripheral nervous system, connect to the CNS with muscles, glands and sense organs
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sensory neurons
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neurons that carry incoming info from the sense receptors to the CNS
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motor neurons
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neurons that carry ongoing info from the CNS to the muscles and glands
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Interneurons
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CNS neurons that internally communicate and intervene btw the sensory imputs and motor outputs
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somatic nervous system
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division of peripheral nervous system that controls body's skeletal muscles AKA skeletal nervoussystem
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autonomic nervous system
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parto fo the PNS that controls glands and internal muscles of organs (heart)
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sympathetic nervous system
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division of the ANS that arouses the body, mobilizing its engergy in stressful situations
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parasympathetic nervous system
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division of the ANS that calmsthe body, conserving energy
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reflexes
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simple, automatic, inborn response to sensory stimulus such as the knee-jerk response
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neural networks
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interconnected neural cells. with experience networks can learn, as feedback strengthens or inhibits connections that produce certain results. Analogous learning.
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endocrine system
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the body's "slow" chemical communication system; set of glands tghat secrete hormones into the blood stream
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hormones
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chemical messenggers, mostly those manufactured by the endocrine glandsthat are produced in one dissue and affect another
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adrenal glands
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endocrineglands (2) atop the kidneys. secrete epinepherine (adrelinine) and norepinephrine which arous the body in times of stress
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pituitary gland
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a system's mos influential gland under the influence of hypothalamus, the pituitary gland regulates growth and controls the endocrine glands
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lesion
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tissue destruction
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exectroencephalogram (EEG)
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amplified reading of waves of electral activity that sweep across the brain's surface. measured by electrodes put on scalp
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PET Scan
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visual display of radio activity;detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes whild the brain preforms a task
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MRI
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technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated imagges that distinguis among different types of soft tissue; allows us to see structures w/in brain
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fMRI
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technique for revealingg blood flow and brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans. shows brain fcn
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brain stem
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oldest part and central core of brain. beginningg where the spinal cord dwells as it enters the scull; the brain stem is responsible for automatic survival fcns
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medulla
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base of brainstem; controls breathing and heartbeat
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reticular formation
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nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controllingg arousal
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cerebellum
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the "little brain" attached tgo the rear of the brainstem; its fcns include processing sensory input and coordiniating mvmt and output and balence
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limbic system
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doughnut shaped system of neural structures at the border of the brainstem and cerebral hemispheres; associated withe motion (fear and aggression) and drives sucha s these for food and sex includes
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hypothalamus
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neural structure lying below the thalmus; directs several maintenance activities (eating drinking, boidytemp, etc) helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, is linked to emotion
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amygdala
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2 limabean-sized neural clusters that are components of the limbic system and are linked to emton
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cerebral brain cortex
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intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells that covers the cerebral hemisphees. the body's ultimate control and processessing center
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glial cells (glia)
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cells in the nervous system that support, nourish and protect neurons. greater concentration of glia in Enstein's head
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frontal lobe
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speaking and muscle mvmt, makingg plans and judgements
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parietal lobe
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top of head, in back, -> sensory input for touch and body position
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occipital lobe
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portion in back-> vision, recieve visual info from the opposite field
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temporal lobe
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above ears -> autditory info from opposite ear
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motor cortex
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voluntary mvmt control (left brain controls right side)
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sensory cortex
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front of parietal lobe that registers and processes body touch and mvmt sensations
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association areas
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areas of cerebral cortex NOT involved in primary motor sensory fcns; rather, are inovolved in higher mental fcns (learning, remembering, thinking, speaking)
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aphasia
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impairment of language
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Broca's area
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language expression
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Wernicke's area
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language reception -> language comprehension and expression
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angular gyrus
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recieves visual info and recodes it into auditory form-- damge leaves person able to talk / understand but unable to read
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plasticity
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brain's ability to modify itself after damage
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corpus callosom
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large band of neural fibers connecting 2 brain hemispheres and carrying messages btw them
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split brain
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2 brain hemisphers are cut and isolated by cutting the connecting fibers (slows messages, stopping seizures)
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