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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Water |
- a polar molecule - 60-80% of our body --> most abundant compound in the body |
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Water high heat capacity |
- water can absorb and release large amounts of energy before changing in temperature, this is important because it helps us maintain body temp |
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Water high heat of vaporization |
- takes a lot of energy to change water from a liquid to a gas (steam) - important in assisting us with cooling down --> sweat mechanism |
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Sweat |
- sweat (mostly water) comes onto the surface of skin as a liquid --> liquid evaporates off the skin and carries heat away with it --> we cool down |
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Water polarity |
- makes it a very good solvent, helps to transport substances around the body - makes 50% of our blood volume |
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Decomposition reaction |
- "hydrolysis reaction" - when we break down foods we eat with hydrolysis which means a molecule of water is added during digestion ex: A + B --> (H2O added here) AB |
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Synthesis reaction |
- "dehydration reaction" - when we make larger more complex molecules, a molecule of water is removed ex: A + B --> (H2O removed) AB |
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Cushioning |
-water has cushioning properties - cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is most water, surrounds the brain and spinal cord --> provides protection and cushioning of those organs |
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Salts |
- are ionic compounds - always have a cation (metal) and an anion (nonmetal), these are also called electrolytes |
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Acids and bases |
- acids are substances that produce a lot of hydrogen ions when they're dissolved in H2O (H+) - bases are substances that produce a lot of hydroxide ions when they're dissolved in H2O (OH-) |
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pH |
- potential hydrogen or power of hydrogen - we use the pH scale to measure the amount of hydrogen ions in a substance |
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pH scale |
0 (ACIDIC) <--------------- 7 --------------->14 (BASIC) - 0 = most acidic - 7 = neutral -14 = most basic |
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blood pH |
must be maintained between 7.35- 7.45 |
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Buffer |
-maintain blood pH in the optimal range - buffers either release hydrogen ions when blood is too basic or binds to hydrogen ions when blood is too acidic |
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Organic molecules we need to survive |
- carbohydrates - lipids -proteins - nucleic acids (DNA, RNA) |
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Carbohydrates |
- used for quick, short term energy - carbohydrates consist of simple sugars (monosaccharides) |
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Simple carbohydrates |
- less than 7 carbons in their chain - monosaccharides (1 sugar) - disaccharides (2 sugars) -sweet tasting, lack other nutrients -can be easily broken down |
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Complex carbohydrates |
-more than 7 carbons in their chain - polysaccharides (many sugars) - not sweet tasting - hard to break down - energy stored in plant and animals |
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Cellulose |
a complex carbohydrate found specifically in the cell walls of all plants - we can't digest cellulose because we don't have the enzyme to --> travels through digestive tract instead as fiber & is excreted through feces |
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Fiber |
important because it adds bulk to feces and keeps it moving through digestive tract |
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Lipids |
-fats and oils - lots of energy per gram, great storage molecules - contains a lot of carbons and hydrogens but not a lot of oxygens - contain fatty acids and glycerol |
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Functions of lipids |
- energy storage - insulation (layer of fat under skin) - cushioning/protection for some organs - sex hormones are lipids- estrogen, testosterone -> steroids - cell membranes have 2 layers of phospholipids |
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Saturated fats |
- carbon chain is full of hydrogens - solid at room temp (butter) - contribute to build up of plaque in blood vessels |
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Unsaturated fats |
- carbon chain doesn't have all the hydrogens it can hold - liquid at room temp (oils) - healthier for you |
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Steroids |
type of lipid that contain 4-5 fused carbon rings (instead of a chain of fatty acids) |
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Proteins |
have many different functions in the body - are made up of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds |
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Functions of proteins |
- skin, hair, nails - muscle fibers - hemoglobin in blood for carrying O2 - antibodies - enzymes - some hormones - can transfer substances in & out of cells |
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4 protein structures |
1) primary protein structure 2) secondary protein structure 3) tertiary protein structure 4) quaternary protein structure |
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Primary protein structure |
- refers to the sequence of the amino acids in the peptide chain ex: - 1 -2 - 3 - 4 --> is a specific protein with a specific function - 3 - 2 - 4 - 1 --> a different protein with different function |
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Secondary protein structure |
- refers to the different forms/shapes a chain can make (coils, folds and spirals) |
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Tertiary protein structure |
- refers to the proteins final 3 dimensional shape (globular, ball like molecule) |
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Quaternary protein structure |
-refers to a structure of a more complex protein when 2 or more peptide chains are interacting |
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Denaturing a protein |
- process in which the protein structure is changed irreversibly - structure changes --> function is lost - exposing a protein to high heat or acidity will denature it ex: frying an egg, adding vinegar to milk |
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Enzymes |
- are also proteins - our biological catalysts --> speed up chemical reactions in our body - each enzyme is chemically specific |
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Naming an enzyme |
- taking the root of a substance involved in the reaction and adding the suffix "ase" to the root ex: - hydrolase: enzyme that adds water molecule during hydrolysis reaction - lactase: enzyme that breaks down lactose - lipase: enzymes that breaks down lipids |
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ATP - adenosine triphosphate |
- what we use for energy in the body - mitochondria produces most of our ATP - we use ATP for: muscle contraction, nerve impulse conduction and transporting substances |
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Cellular respiration |
- organic molecules (glucose, fatty acids, & amino acids) are dissembled by enzymes and ATP is produced |
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4 stages of cellular respiration |
1) glycolysis 2) intermediate stage 3) citrus acid cycle (krebs cycle) 4) electron transport system |
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Glycolysis |
- occurs in cytosol - 2 molecules of ATP are produced - anaerobic process |
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Intermediate stage |
-NO ATP is produced |
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Citrus acid cycle |
- occurs in mitochondria - two turns to this cycle --> 1 ATP produced during each -2 ATP molecules are produced total - aerobic process |
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Electron transport system |
- occurs in mitochondria - 34 ATP molecules produced |
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38 net ATP molecules |
- we use 2 molecules of ATP so 36 molecules are produced total for the breakdown of 1 glucose molecule |