Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
81 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Name the gland:
ducts; carry secretions to body surface or other organ cavity |
exocrine glands
|
|
Name the gland:
no ducts; releases hormones into tissue fluids; has dense capillary networks to distribute hormones |
endocrine glands
|
|
What can act as both endocrine and exocrine?
|
the liver
|
|
List some of the major organs of the endocrine system
|
hypothalamus, pitary gland, pineal gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, thymus, adrenal gland, pancreas, gonads (ovaries and testes)
|
|
What are chemical messengers secreted in the blood stream?
|
hormones
|
|
4 differences between the nervous and endocrine system
|
1. both serve for internal communication
2. speed and persistence of response 3. adaptation to long-term stimuli 4. area of effect (nervous- specific; endocrine- general) |
|
5 similarities in nervous endocrine systems
|
1. several chemicals function as both hormones and neurotransmitters
2. some hormones secreted by neuroendocrine cells (neurons) 3. overlapping effect on target cells 4. systems regulate each other 5. target organs or cells |
|
What is shaped like a flattened funnel and forms floor and walls of third ventricle? Regulates what?
|
Hypothalamus
primitive functions (food, sleep, sex) |
|
The pituitary gland is suspended from the hypothalamus by the __
|
infundibulum (stalk)
|
|
Where is the pituitary gland housed in?
|
sella turcica of sphenoid bone
|
|
These two structures are part of what?
Adenohypophysis Neurohypophysis |
The pituitary gland
anterior posterior |
|
posterior lobe of the pituitary gland does what?
|
stores and releases OT and ADH
|
|
Oxytocin (OT)
|
birth, flow of milk, sex, promotes feel-good feelings
|
|
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
|
increases water retention, also called vasopressin because it causes vasoconstriction
|
|
Anterior lobe of the pituitary does what?
|
synthesizes and secretes six principle hormones
|
|
Negative feedback
|
increased target organ hormone levels inhibits release of tropic hormones
|
|
Positive feedback
|
OT releases, causes stretching of uterus increases OT release, until delivery
|
|
___ have receptors for hormones
|
target cells
|
|
What are the 4 methods of communication from cell to cell?
|
gap junctions, neutransmitters, paracrine (local) hormones, hormones (strict)
|
|
__ have pores in cell membrane along which signal chemicals to move from cell to cell
|
gap junctions
|
|
__ are released from neurons to travel across gap to the second cell
|
neurotransmitters
|
|
___ hormones secrete into tissue fluids to effect nearby cells
|
paracrine or local hormones
|
|
___ are chemical messengers that travel in the bloodstream to other tissues and organs
|
hormones (strict)
|
|
The pituitary gland is composed of two structures
|
1) adenohypophysis - anterior 3/4
2) neurohypophysis - posterior 1/4 |
|
Name the structure that is suspended from the hypothalamus by the infundibulum
|
pituitary gland
|
|
What does the follicle stimulating hormone do?
|
stimulates production of eggs and sperm
|
|
What does the luteinizing hormone do?
|
stimulates ovulation and corpus luteum to secrete progesterone and estrogen
|
|
What does the thyroid stimulating hormone do?
|
stimulates growth of the thyroid for metabolism, body temp, etc
|
|
What does the adrenocorticotropic hormone do?
|
regulates response to stress, stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete of corticosteroids that regulate glucose, fat & protein metabolism
|
|
What does prolactin do?
|
promotes lactation of milk; makes testes more sensitive
|
|
What does the growth hormone do?
|
promotes tissue growth through mitosis
|
|
The pars intermedia is found only in __. It secretes ___
|
fetuses and animals, not adult humans
melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)- hair and skin pigmentation |
|
What does the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland do?
|
stores and releases oxytocin (OT) and antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
1. OT- birth, flow of milk, sex, feel-good feelings 2. ADH- water retention, vasocontriction |
|
__ controls the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland
__ controls the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland |
hypothalamus
neuroendocrine reflexes |
|
How many inhibiting hormones stimulate the pituitary gland?
|
six
|
|
Insulin-like growth factors (IGK-I and IDF-II) or somatomedins does what?
|
stimulates target cells in diverse tissues; can prolong the action of GH since its half-life is short
|
|
4 functions of GH-IGF
|
1. protein synthesis
2. lipid metabolism 3. CHO metabolism 4. Electrolyte balance |
|
Negative feedback
Positive feedback |
releases tropic hormones
increases release of OT release |
|
Name the structure that is attached to roof of third ventricle beneath the posterior end of corpus callosum
|
pineal gland
|
|
involution?
|
shrinks; pineal gland undergoes involution
|
|
What is seasonal affective disorder?
|
depression that occurs to people in places without sun; has to do with the pineal gland
|
|
What does the pineal gland secrete?
|
melatonin: from serotonin, helps during the night to sleep
|
|
Name the structure that is located in the mediastinum, superior to heart
|
thymus
(part of the endocrine, lymphatic, and immune system) |
|
Where do T cells mature
|
the thymus
|
|
Largest endocrine gland is ____
|
the thyroid gland
|
|
What are thyroid follicles?
|
sacs that compose most of the thyroidfilled with; contain colloid (protein)
|
|
What is the calorigenic effect?
|
increases heat production
|
|
What do calcitonin or parafollicular cells do?
|
produce calcitonin that increases blood Ca+2, promotes Ca+2 deposition and bone formation especially in children
|
|
The parathyroid gland secretes hormones in response to __
|
hypocalcemia
|
|
Name the structure that is a small gland that sits on the top of each kidney; retroperitoneal
|
adrenal gland (consists of the adrenal medulla and the adrenal cortex)
|
|
What does the adrenal medulla do?
|
inner core (10-20% of the gland), dual natural (both endocrine and sympathetic ganglion), it stimulates release of epinephrine
|
|
The adrenal medulla increases? decreases?
|
increase: BP, HR, blood flow to muscles, airflow, metabolic rate
decreases: digestion and urinary sys |
|
The adrenal cortex does what?
|
produces more than 25 steroid hormones called corticostercoids
|
|
3 layers of the adrenal cortex
|
zona glomerulosa (outer), zona fasciculata (middle), zona reticularis (inner)
|
|
3 major corticosteroids
|
1. mineralocortoids
2. glucocortoids 3. sex steriods |
|
mineralocorticoids
|
is in the outer layer; control electrolyte balance, aldosterone promotes Na+ retention and K + excretion
|
|
glucocorticoids
|
is in the middle layer; stimulates fat and protein catabolism and release of fatty acids and glucose into blood
|
|
sex steroids
|
is in the inner layer; androgen sets the libido and estradiol is important after menopause
|
|
Pancreatic hormones:
1. glucagon 2. insulin 3. hyperglycemic hormones 4. hypoglycemic hormones |
1. raises blood glucose; from alpha cells
2. lowers blood glucose; from beta cells 3. raises blood glucose (glucagon, epinephrine, norepinephrine, cortisol, corticosterone) 4. lowers blood glucose (insulin) |
|
What type of hormones do ovaries and testes use? and secrete what?
|
both exocrine and endocrine
inhibin |
|
What are the three chemical classes of hormone chemistry?
|
1. steroids
2. peptides and glycoproteins 3. monoamines |
|
All hormones are made from either __ or __ with carbohydrates added to make glycoproteins
|
cholesterol
amino acids |
|
Monoamines and peptides are ___ and mix easily with blood plasma
|
hydrophilic
|
|
bound hormone
unbound hormone |
1. attached to transport protein
2. can leave capillary to reach target cell |
|
hydrophobic hormones include:
hydrophilic hormones include: |
steroids and thyroid hormone; penetrates plasma membrane
monoamines and peptide; cannot pass through the membrane |
|
Hormones are extremely potent chemicals and can have enzyme ___
|
amplification
|
|
What is the metabolic clearance rate (MCR)? half-life?
|
the rate of hormone removal
the length of time it takes 50% of the hormone to leave the blood |
|
Up-regulation
Down-regulation |
a cell increases hormone receptors- more sensitive
a cell decreases hormone receptors- less sensitive |
|
Synergistic effects?
Permissive effects? Antagonistic effects? |
1. hormones work together to produce a greater effect
2. one hormone enhances response to another hormone 3. one hormone opposes the action of another |
|
Stress response or general adaptation syndrome (GAS)
|
when the body reacts to stress in a consistent way; raises cortisol levles
|
|
3 stages of stress
|
alarm reaction
stage of resistance stage of exhaustion |
|
Alarm reaction?
|
initial response to stress; cortisol is produced
|
|
Stage of resistance?
|
second reaction to stress; in which the first priority is to provide alternative fuels for metabolism
|
|
Stage of exhaustion?
|
third reaction to stress; when the fat is depleted, stress overwhelms homeostasis, marked by the rapid decline and death
|
|
Paracrine secretions are chemical messengers that ___
|
diffuse short distances and stimulate nearby cells
|
|
Hyposecretion?
Hypersecretion? |
inadequate hormone release
excessive hormone relase |
|
Acromegaly?
|
thickening of the bones and soft tissue
|
|
1. congenital hypothyroidism?
2. myxedema? |
1. decrease thyroid horomones; abnormal bone growth, thickened features
2. adult hypothyroidism, decreased thyroid hormones; low metabolic rate, sluggish |
|
3. endemic goiter?
4. toxic goiter? |
3. enlarged thyroid gland, dietary iodine deficiency
4. graves disease, increased thyroid hormones |
|
hypoparathyroid?
hyperparathyroid? |
parathyroid disorders:
1. during thyroid surgery, fatal 3-4 days 2. tumor in gland; causes deformed bones; increases blood calcium |
|
crushing syndrome?
adrenogenital syndrome (AGS) |
1. excess cortical secretion
2. enlargement of external sex organs, masculinizing effects |