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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
P generation is... |
Parent generation |
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F1 Generation is..... |
Offspring of regeneration |
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F2 generation is.... |
Offspring of F1 Generation |
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Difference between dominant and recessive allele? |
Dominant- is always expressed, even when paired with recessive allele Recessive- only expresses when both alleles are present |
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What is homozygous? |
Having 2 of the same alleles;
either 2 dominant or 2 recessive |
Pure/true= heterozygous |
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Homozygous example? |
In proplants, tall is dominant to short. Homozygous.... ●Dominant (TT) ●Recessive (tt) |
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What is heterozygous? Example? |
Having one dominant and one recessive allele Ex: heterozygous (Tt) |
Hybrid= heterozygous |
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Difference between phenotype and genotype |
Phenotype= physical characteristics (ex: tall or short) Genotype= genetic makeup (Ex: TT, Tt, tt) |
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Punnett Square is... |
a tool to understand patterns of heredity |
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Sexual Reproduction |
a cell containing genetic info from mom and dad to form a new cell; offspring |
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Test cross is used for |
determining the genotype of a phenotypically dominant individual |
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test cross is |
a cross b/w an organism of unknown genotype (dominant) and a homozygous recessive individual |
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What is incomplete dominance? |
When neither allele is completely dominant over the other |
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Hybrid means... |
Heterozygous |
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In incomplete dominance, the hybrid is _______ b/w the 2 _________of the parents |
Intermediate, phenotypes |
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What is codominance? |
When both alleles are fully expressed in hybrid |
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Ex of codominance |
Human blood type AB, animals and Roan color |
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Definition for multiple alleles |
A gene that is controlled by more than 2 alleles (Ex: blood typing in humans) |
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In multiple alleles, different alleles will exist in the population but any identical will have ___ |
2 |
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What is order of dominance |
When each allele is dominant to all alleles that follow it |
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Which chromosome pair has the Sex of the individual determined? |
23rd pair |
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Why do X linked traits show up more in males than females? |
Because males only have 1 X chromosome |
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Are genes for certain traits carried on the Y chromosome? |
No |
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What is epistasis? |
A condition where one gene affects the phenotype expression of another gene. |
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Example of epistasis? |
Coat color in dogs; Gene 1 (blue/black B/b) Gene 2 (allows/inhibits pigment formation E/e) |
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Polygenic inheritance? |
When more than one gene controls a trait |
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Polygenes? |
They are the genes involved in polygenic inheritance |
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Polygenic inheritance example? |
Skin pigmentation: on a spectrum AABBCC (max pigmentation) aabbcc (min pigmentation) |
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Depending on how many dominant alleles an individual has, they will be on the _____ of spectrum, while recessive will be on the ______ |
Left, right |
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Gene linkage |
When 2 or more genes are on the same chromosome |
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Why would genes "tend" to stay together during gamete formation |
Due to crossing over, they may be separated |
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Crossing over is likely to happen with genes that are _________ |
Further apart |
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What are recombinant |
When genotypes differ from parents cross over |
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Recombinant types |
When chromosomes of F1 Generation have different combinations then the P generation |
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What is recombination frequency? Related to? |
Percentage of times a cross over occurred. It's related to the distance between genes on a chromosomes.
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What is chromosome mapping |
It's used to determine a relative position of genes in a chromosome |
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What are pedigrees |
Type of flow chart that uses symbols to show the pattern of relationships and traits in a family over many generations |
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Pedigrees are used to figure out.... |
The pattern (mode) of inheritance |
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When unaffected parents have an affected child, then the parent genotypes are __________ and the mode of inheritance is ___________. |
Heterozygous; recessive |
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In pedigrees, when the trait is autosomal, then there's ________between genders in the ______________. |
No significance; frequency of the phenotype expression |
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If a trait shows up more frequently in males, then it's most likely |
Sex linked |
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If a trait seems to skip generations, it's most likely.... |
Recessive |
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If a trait shows up in every generation, then it's most likely.... |
Dominant |
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Mode of inheritance: recessive
Assign all affected individuals with.... |
A homozygous recessive genotype (ex aa) |
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Mode of inheritance: recessive Assign all unaffected individuals with.... |
One dominant allele |
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(recessive) When assigning an allele to an unaffected individual, will there be unknown? |
Yes |
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Mode of inheritance: dominant
Assign all unaffected individuals a.... |
Homozygous recessive genotype |
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(dominant mode of inheritance) Assign all affected individuals with ...... |
One dominant allele (Aa, A__) |
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