Chapter 16 Biology Review

Front 1

Central Dogma of Biology

Back 1

DNA is transcribed into RNA, RNA is translated into proteins

Front 2

Polynucleotides

Back 2

DNA and RNA; consist of phosphate backbone and different nitrogenous bases= nucleotides are linked by covalent bonds between phosphate of one nucleotide and sugar of the next

Front 3

Nucleotide

Back 3

Consist of a phosphate backbone, nitrogenous base, and sugar

Front 4

Phosphodiester bonds

Back 4

Link sugars and phosphates in nucleotide

Front 5

Bonding order of nitrogenous bases

Back 5

A to T (or U in RNA) and G to C

Front 6

Nucleoside

Back 6

Sugar and nitrogenous base

Front 7

Purines

Back 7

Adenine and Guanine

Front 8

Pyrimidines

Back 8

Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil

Front 9

Difference between DNA and RNA in nucleotides

Back 9

presence of hydroxyl group on 5c sugar in RNA

Front 10

Order of synthesis of DNA strand

Back 10

5' end to 3' end

Front 11

DNA polymerase

Back 11

Enzyme that adds activated nucleotides to template strand and also proofreads

Front 12

Leading strand

Back 12

3' end is far away from replication fork, is replicated continuously

Front 13

Lagging strand

Back 13

5' end is far away from replication fork; is replicated in fragments called Okazaki Fragments

Front 14

Helicase

Back 14

Enzyme complex that unwinds original DNA helix

Front 15

Primase

Back 15

Type of RNA polymerase which creates a RNA primer which in turn is used by DNA polymerase to replicate the DNA (usually done around 10 nucleotides at a time)

Front 16

Ligase

Back 16

Join segments of DNA/Okazaki fragments

Front 17

Primer

Back 17

Short segment of RNA synthesized by primes, eventually replaced by DNA

Front 18

Origins of Replication

Back 18

In order to replicate entire DNA, replication must begin at different places

Front 19

Replication Fork

Back 19

Site where DNA strands divide