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64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
preoperational stage (2-7)
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use of symbols and language acceserlates
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operations
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In piaget's theory, mental actions that are cognitely reversible
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egocentric thinking
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seeing the world from only your point of view;the inability to take another's perspective
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conservation
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understanding that the physical properties of objects-such as the number of items in a cluster or the amount of liquid in a glass=can remain the same even when their form or appearance changes
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concrete operations stage (7 to 12)
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children's thinking is grounded in concrete experiences and concepts, rather than abstractions or logical deductions, they learn identity
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formal operations stage (age 12 through adulthood)
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teenagers become capable of abstract reasoning
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Vygotsky's theory of sociocultural influences
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children use private speech--> this is why adult language and guidance is very important
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Cognitive abilities develop in steps or in overlapping waves
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overlapping waves
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Children understand (more/less) than Piaget said
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more
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Preschoolers are or aren't egocentric
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aren't.. i.e. they modify their speech so younger pre-schoolers will underwstand
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theory of mind
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system of beliefs that the way the mind works and how cognitions and feelings affect behavior
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cogitive development depends upon ____ & _____.
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education and culture
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piaget (underestimated/overestimated)children's ablitiy
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underestimated.. yet he overestimated adults abilities to always be able to reason
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Kohlberg's 3 stages of moral development
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preconventional, conventional, postconvetional
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preconventional morality
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what is right is what feels good, they fear being punished
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conventional morality
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10 or 11 based on conformity and loyalty to others.. based on understanding law and justice
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postconventional morality
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realizes immoral laws, popel find values and standards
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moral reason is influenced by
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education
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moral reasoning is profoudnly affected by cultural _____ and ____
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experiences and values
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Moral reasoning is inconsistent across
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situations
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moral reasoning is unrelated to moral ____
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behavior
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STDs can do what to a baby
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retardation, blindness, and other physical disorders
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cigarette smoking can do what to a baby?
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miscarriage, premature birth, abnormal heartbeat, underweight baby
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Having more than two alcoholic drinks can lead to
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fetal alcohol syndrome
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drugs can
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morphine, cocaine, and heroin think crack baby
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physical abilities of a newborn
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motor reflexes, can see 8 inches in focus range, can see contrasts, shadows, edges, can distinguish their mother
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social skills of babies
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babies can smile at people
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rooting
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an infant touched on the cheek or mouth will turn towards something to suck on
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sucking
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will suck on anything such as a nipple or finger
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swallowing
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infant can swallow though the reflex is not yet well coordinated with breathing
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moro or "startle"
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in response to a loud noise or physical shock, an infant will throw its arms outward and arch back
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babinski
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in response to touch on the bottom of the foot.. infants toes will go outward then curl in
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grasp
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in response to touch on hand, infant will grasp
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stepping
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walking, can show ability to walk in steps
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syncrony
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the adjustment of one person's nonverbal behavior to coordinate with another's
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attachment
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universal capacity of all primates and is crucial for health and survival all through life
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contact comfort
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in promates, the innate pleasure derived from physical contact; it is the basis of the infant's first attachment
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separation anxiety
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the distress that most children develop, at about 6 to 8 months of age, when their primary caregivers temporarily leave them with strangrs
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Mary Ainsworths' Strange Situation
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leavin the child alone with stranger, stranger and mother, and alone, and mother
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securely attached
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crying babies if the parent leaves and welcomes parent back
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insecurely attached
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little reaction to mother leaving the room, avoidant
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anxious ambivalent
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want to be put down, can be angry w/ mother
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parentese
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"baby talk" parents help babies find the "melody"
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4-6 months of age babies can (speech)
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recognize their own names and other familiars
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6-mos to 1 yr can do this with language
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sound structure of their own language
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11 months babies learn this ___
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gesturing
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18 mos to 2 years babies can
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develop word combos
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telegraphic
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the way babies talk
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Jean Piaget
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pioneer of cognitive development in children how thinking develops (theory of cognitive stages)
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adaptation includes
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assimilation and accomodation
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assimilation
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the process of absorbing new info into existing cognitive structures (already exisiting beliefs)
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accomodation
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the process of modifying existing cognitive structure in response to experience and new info
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the four stages of Piaget
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sensorimotor, preoperational stage, concrete operations stage, formal operations stage
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sensorimotor stage (birth to age 2)
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learning through concrete actions, movemnts become more purposeful, and they learn object permanence
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object permanence
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understanding which develops through 1st year that an object continues to exist even when u cannot see or touch it
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developmental psychologists
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study physiological and cognitive changes across the life span
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socialization
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children learning the rules and behavior expected of them by society
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Prenatal development stages
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germinal, embryonic, fetal
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germinal stage
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uniting of sperm and egg
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zygote
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cluster of cells that in 10-14 days attaches itself to the wall of uterus
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embryonic stage
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2 weeks after conception lasting until the 8th week
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fetal stage
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8 weeks
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rubella
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can hurt the baby's eyes ears, and heart.. common consequence is deafness
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x-rays or toxic chemicals can do what to a baby?
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fetal abnormalities and deformities, attention problems and lower IQ
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