Chapter 13 George Kelly

Front 1

Kelly believed that a person’s present personality need not be tied to his or her past

He was a __________________ - HE BELIEVED THAT INTACT CONSCIOUS EXPERIENCE SHOULD BE PSYCHOLOGIST FOCUS OF ATTENTION, WHAT IS IMPORTANT IS TO FOCUS ON CONSCIOUS EXPERIENCES WITHOUT BREAKING THEM DOWN INTO COMPONENT PARTS OR ATTEMPTING TO DETERMINE THEIR ORIGIN.

Back 1

phenomenologist
* how your processing interacts with the environment.

Front 2

KELLY'S THEORY IS ALSO LABELLED AS ______________ THEORY, WHICH STRESSES HOW PEOPLE VIEW AND THINK ABOUT REALITY. THIS EMPHASIZES MENTAL EVENTS.

Back 2

COGNITIVE THEORY

Front 3

KELLY'S THEORY IS ALSO CONSIDERED AN ________________ THEORY, IT EMPHASIZES PRESENT AND THE FUTURE RATHER THAN THE PAST, IT ASSUMES THAT HUMANS ARE FREE TO CHOOSE THEIR OWN DESTINIES. IT ASSUMES THAT HUMANS ARE FREE TO CHOOSE THEIR OWN DESTINIES( how we overcome problems)

Back 3

EXISTENTIAL THEORY

Front 4

KELLY'S THEORY CAN ALSO BE CONSIDERED AN __________________ THEORY, SINCE IT STRESSES THE CAPACITY FOR IMPROVEMENT. KELLY ENCOURAGED EACH PERSON TO CONTINUE TO EXPLORE NEW POSSIBILITIES FOR LIVING, POSSIBILITIES THAT MAY TURN OUT TO BE MORE EFFECTIVE THAN THOSE ALREADY TRIED.

Back 4

HUMANISTIC THEORY
* behavior has a purpose

Front 5

** KELLY TOOK THE SCIENTIST AS THE MODEL FOR DESCRIBING ALL HUMANS. HE NOTED THAT SCIENTISTS CONSTANTLY SEEK CLARITY AND UNDERSTANDING IN THEIR LIVES BY DEVELOPING THEORIES THAT WILL ALLOW THEM TO PREDICT FUTURE EVENTS.

Back 5

** THE SCIENTIST'S MAIN GOAL IS TO REDUCE UNCERTAINTY. LIKE SCIENTISTS HUMANS ARE ATTEMPTING TO CLARIFY THEIR LIVES BY REDUCING UNCERTAINTY .

Front 6

KELLY BELIEVED THAT THE MAJOR TOOL A PERSON USES IN ANTICIPATING AN EVENT IS THE ______________ _____________- WHICH ARE USED BY INDIVIDUALS TO CONSTRUE, INTERPRET OR EXPLAIN, GIVE MEANING TO OR PREDICT EXPERIENCES. A CONSTRUCT IS AN IDEA THAT A PERSON USES WHEN ATTEMPTING TO INTERPRET HIS OR HER OWN PERSONAL EXPERIENCES.

Back 6

PERSONAL CONSTRUCT.

Front 7

** THE POINT IS THAT CONSTRUCT ARE USED TO ANTICIPATE THE FUTURE SO THEY MUST FIT REALITY. ARRIVING AT A _______ ________ THAT CORRESPONDS FAIRLY CLOSE TO REALITY IS A MATTER OF TRIAL AND ERROR

Back 7

CONSTRUCT SYSTEM.

Front 8

ACCORDING TO KELLY, A PERSON'S ________ REFERS TO THE COLLECTION OF CONSTRUCTS THAT CONSTITUTE HIS OR HER CONSTRUCT SYSTEM AT ANY GIVEN TIME.

Back 8

PERSONALITY.

Front 9

KELLY BELIEVED THAT ALTHOUGH ALL PEOPLE HAVE THE GOALS OF REDUCING FUTURE UNCERTAINTY, THEY ARE FREE TO CONSTRUE REALITY ANY WAY THEY WISH. HE CALLED THIS BELIEF ___________-______________ HE DESCRIBED IT AS: WE TAKE THE STAND THAT THERE ARE ALWAYS SOME ALTERNATIVE CONSTRUCTIONS AVAILABLE TO CHOOSE AMONG IN DEALING WITH THE WORLD. NOONE NEEDS TO PAINT HIMSELF INTO CORNER; NO ONE NEEDS TO BE COMPLETELY HEMMED IN BY CIRCUMSTANCES NOE ONE NEEDS TO BE THE VICTIM OF HIS BIOGRAPHY.

Back 9

CONSTRUCTIVE ALTERNATIVISM
** your choice to formulate certain constructs**

Front 10

THE ELEVEN COROLLARIES:
(know) 1. THE ______________ COROLLARY: A PERSON ANTICIPATES EVENTS BY CONSTRUCTING THEIR REPLICATION. SOME EVENTS OCCUR REGULARLY EXAMPLE: A FRIENDLY PERSON WILL TEND TO REMAIN FRIENDLY. DAY FOLLOWS NIGHT.

Back 10

CONSTRUCTION COROLLARY (based on recurring themes)

** IF THE EVENTS IN OUR LIVES DID NOT OCCUR WITH SOME REGULARITY, IT WOULD BE IMPOSSIBLE TO FORM CONSTRUCTS THAT REPRESENT THEM.
you wake up every day and you see the fridge in the kitchen, therefore you expect the refrigerator to always be in a kitchen.

Front 11

**2. THE ________________ COROLLARY: PERSONS DIFFER FROM EACH OTHER IN THEIR CONSTRUCTION OF EVENTS. REALITY IS WHAT WE PERCEIVE IT TO BE.

Back 11

INDIVIDUALITY COROLLARY

reality is what we perceive it to be.

Front 12

**3. THE ______________ COROLLARY: EACH PERSON EVOLVES FROM HIS CONVENIENCE IN ANTICIPATING EVENTS. A CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM EMBRACING ORDINAL RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN CONSTRUCTS.

Back 12

ORGANIZATION COROLLARY
(peoples ways to organize thoughts and group them)

Front 13

ORGANIZATION COROLLARY :

Back 13

1. SUPERORDINATE CONSTRUCT ( the umbrella " im am extroverted)
2. SUBORDINATE CONSTRUCT ( what goes under the umbrella: example - parties, speak in public, like to work in groups)

Front 14

A CONSTRUCT THAT ABSORBS OTHER CONSTRUCTS WITHIN IT IS CALLED ________________ CONSTRUCT. THE CONSTRUCTS THAT ARE ABSORBED UNDER IT IS CALLED A ________ CONSTRUCT

Back 14

SUPERORDINATE CONSTRUCT

SUBORDINATE CONSTRUCT.

Front 15

**A ______________ COROLLARY: ACCORDING TO KELLY ALL CONSTRUCTS ARE BIPOLAR OR DICHOTOMOUS. HE BELIEVED THAT FOR A CONSTRUCT TO BE SIGNIFICANT IT MUST INDICATE AT LEAST TWO ELEMENTS ATHAT ARE SIMILAR TO EACH OTHER AND A 3RD ELEMENT THAT IS DIFFERENT FROM THESE TWO.

Back 15

DICHOTOMY COROLLARY.

FOR EXAMPLE: ONE MIGHT SAY THAT MALES AND FEMALES ARE SIMILAR IN THAT THEY ARE BOTH HUMANS. THIS IMPLIES THAT OME ORGANISM ARE NOT HUMANS EXAMPLE: APES.

Front 16

THE KELLIANS REFER TO POLE SHIFTS AS ________ ________ . IT HAS BEEN OBSERVED THAT UNDER STRESS PEOPLE SOMETIMES ABRUPTLY SWITCH FROM CONSTRUING EVENTS WITH ONE POLE OF AN IMPORTANT CONSTRUCT TO CONSTRUING THEM USING THE OPPOSITE POLE. EXAMPLE: PEOPLE PREVIOUSLY CONSTRUED AS FRIENDLY MAY NOW BE CONSTRUED AS UNFRIENDLY.

Back 16

SLOT MOVEMENTS.

Front 17

THE _______________ COROLLARY : A PERSON CHOOSES FOR HIMSELF THAT ALTERNATIVE IN A DICHOTOMIZED CONSTRUCT THROUGH WHICH HE ANTICIPATES THE GREATER POSSIBILITY FOR EXTENSIONS AND DEFINITION OF HIS SYSTEM.

Back 17

CHOICE COROLLARY

Front 18

CHOICE CORALLY :

Back 18

DEFINITON
EXTENSION

Front 19

A PERSON CAN EITHER BE SAFE OR TAKE A RISK. KELLY REFERRED TO THIS RELATIVE SAFE PATH AS _______ BECAUSE SUCH EXPERIENCES FURTHER DEFINE OR VALIDATE A CONSTRUCT SYSTEM. IF ONE APPLIES PREVIOUSLY EFFECTIVE CONSTRUCTS TO NEW BUT SIMILAR EXPERIENCES, ONE IS MERELE SEEKING FURTHER VALIDATION OF ONES CONSTRUCT

Back 19

DEFINITION.

THE WAY YOU APPROACHED A PERSON IN A CERTAIN WAY AND IT WORK, YOU WILL SEEK AFFIRMATION TO THIS AND WILL PROCEED IN THE SAME WAY NEXT TIME.

Front 20

ONE CAN USE THE OCCASION TO TRY NEW CONSTRUCTS THAT IF VALIDATED WOULD FURTHER EXPAND ONE'S CONSTRUCT SYSTEM, MAKING IT BETTER ABLE TO ASSIMILATE EXPERIENCES THAT PREVIOUSLY WERE FOREIGN TO IT. THIS IS KNOWN AS _____________

Back 20

EXTENSION.
THE WAY YOU APPROACHED SOMEONE LAST TIME, WAS NOT GOOD THEREFORE YOU WILL TAKE THIS AND BRANCH OUT AND APPROACH THEM IN A DIFFERENT WAY.

Front 21

____________ COROLLARY A PERSON'S CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM VARIES AS HE SUCCESSIVELY CONSTRUES THE REPLICATIONS OF EVENTS. EXPERIENCE IS MADE UP OF SUCCESSIVE CONSTRUING OF EVENTS.

Back 21

EXPERIENCE COROLLARY.
YOUR EXPERIENCES CHANGE WITH AGE.

Front 22

___________ COROLLARY : THE VARIATION IN A PERSON'S CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM IS LIMITED BY THE PERMEABILITY OF THE CONSTRUCTS W/IN WHOSE RANGE OF CONVENIENCE THE VARIANTS LIE. SOME CONSTRUCTS ARE MORE ______________ THAT IS OPEN TO EXPERIENCE, THAN OTHERS. A CONSTRUCT IS PERMEABLE IF IT WILL ADAMIT TO ITS RANGE OF CONVENIENCE NEW ELEMENTS WHICH ARE NOT YET CONSTRUED W/IN ITS FRAMEWORK.

Back 22

MODULLATION COROLLARY

PERMEABLE

** A PERSON WHO HAS SEVERAL PERMEABLE CONSTRUCTS WILL BE IN A BETTER POSITION TO EXTEND HIS OR HER CONSTRUCT SYSMTE ( OPEN MINDED ), A PERSON WHO HAS AN ABUNDANCE OF IMPERMEABLE CONSTRUCT WILL BE CLOSE MINDED.

Front 23

DIFFERENT CONSTRUCTS ARE BEING TESTED, NEW ELEMENTS ARE ENTERING INTO ONE'S MORE PERMEABLE CONSTRUCTS. ONE IS CONSTANTLY REORGANIZING ONE'S CONSTRUCT SYSTEM SO THE MOT RELIABLE PREDICTIONS ARE MADE, THIS IS KWON AS _______________ COROLLARY

Back 23

FRAGMENTATION COROLLARY

* BEHAVIOR FLUCTUATION, MEANS WE ARE GUESSING AND COLLECTING DATA.

Front 24

THE _____________ COROLLARY REFERS TO THE EXTEND THAT ONE PERSON EMPLOYS A CONSTRUCTION OF EXPERIENCE WHICH IS SIMILAR TO THAT EMPLOYED BY ANOTHER, HIS PSYCHOLOGICAL PROCESSES ARE SIMILAR TO THE OTHER PERSON. KELLY EMPHASIZED THE POINT THAT IT IS NOT COMMON EXPERIENCES THAT MAKE PEOPLE SIMILAR BUT THE FACT THAT THEY CONSTRUE THEIR EXPERIENCES IN A SIMILAR WAY.

Back 24

COMMONALITY COROLLARY

WHEN TWO PEOPLE USE SIMILAR CONSTRUCTS THAT MEANS THAT THEY ARE SIMILAR TO ONE ANOTHER.

Front 25

THE EXTENT THAT ONE PERSON CONSTRUES THE CONSTRUCTION PROCESSES OF ANOTHER, HE MAY PLAY A ROLE IN A SOCIAL PROCESS INVOLVING THE OTHER PERSON. THIS IS KNOWN AS ______________ COROLLARY. THE CONCEPT OF _____ WAS DEFINED AS AN ONGOING PATTERN OF BEHAVIOR THAT FOLLOWS FROM A PERSON'S UNDERSTANDING OF HOW THE OTHERS WHO ARE ASSOCIATED WTIH HIM IN THE TASK THINK. PLAYING A ROLE IS ACTING IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE EXPECTATIONS OF OTHERS. OUR UNDERSTANDING OF OTHER'S OUTLOOKS AND EXPECTATIONS IS KNOWN AS "__________ ________ "

Back 25

SOCIAL COROLLARY
* TO TRULY GET ALONG WITH ANOTHER PERSON YOU HAVE TO UNDERSTAND HOW THEIR CONSTRUCTS WORK
ROLE

ROLE CONSTRUCT.

Front 26

**KNOW***__________ ______ – characterized the actions of a person confronted with a situation. THE INITIALS SYMBOLIZE TEH 3 PHASES OF THE CYCLE, CIRCUMSPECTION, PREEMPTION AND CONTROL.

Back 26

***CPC cycle

Front 27

IF WE COLIDE WITH THE CAR IN FRONT OF USE WE ENTER THE _______________ PHASE: HERE WE PONDER SEVERAL CONSTRUCTS PERTINENT TO THE SITUATION SUCH AS " MY FAULT, HIS FAULT", DAMAGE, NO DAMAGE. IN THE ______________ PHASE WE CHOOSE FROM THE CONSTRUCTS PONDERED. ON THE ___________ PHASE WE CHOSE THE POLE OF THE CHOSEN CONSTRUCT THAT SEEMS MOST USEFUL UNDER THE CIRCUMSTANCE , ACCEPTED RESPONSIBILITY, EXCHANGE INSURANCE INFORMATION. (CONTROL THE SITUATION)

Back 27

CIRCUMSPECTION PHASE -( YOU ARE COLLECTING DATE, AND YOU ARE TESTING WHAT CONSTRUCTS WOULD BE GOOD)
PREEMPTION PHASE - (PICK CONSTRUCT)
CONTROL PHASE (CHOOSE A POLE OF THE CONSTRUCT)

Front 28

(KNOW)_______________ ___________ Employed when a person seeks innovative solutions to problems or a fresh way of construing experiences -
__________ __________ phase THIS ALLOWS VARYING ALIGNMENT OF ELEMENTS AND CONSTRUCTS EXAMPLE: BANANAS CAN BE THOUGH AS BLUE LOUD OR INTELLIGENT.
ONCE THE IDEA THAT IS USEFUL IS DISCOVERED THE EXPERIMENTATION MUST STOP AND THE IDEA MUST BE EVALUATED. THIS IS KNOWN AS ____________ ___________ phase
THE IDEA IS TESTED, IF VALIDATED BY EXPERIENCE THEN IT IS RETAINED AS PART OF ONE'S CONSTRUCT SYSTEM , IF NOT THE CREATIVITY CYCLE IS REPEATED, THIS IS KNOWN AS ________ phase

Back 28

(KNOW) CREATIVITY CYCLE - WE ARE NOT USING PREVIOUS IDEAS

Loosened construction (LOOSEN OLD CONSTRUCTS TO SEE IF THEY FIT NEW SITUATIONS)
-Tightened construction
-Test

EXAMPLE: YOU START A NEW CLASS AND YOU EVALUATE THE TEACHER, YOU HAVE TO LOOSEN YOUR OLD CONSTRUCTS TO SEE WHAT COULD WORK FOR THIS CLASS. YOU TIGHTEN THIS IDEA OF HOW HER MIDTERM WILL BE AND THEN YOU GO WITH THAT AND YOU TEST THIS, IF THIS WORKS. THEN YOU KEEPS THIS CONSTRUCT, HOWEVER IF THIS DOES NOT WORK THEN YOU START THE CREATIVITY CYCLE AGAIN.

Front 29

_____________ – synonym for life
Push theories of motivation, Pull theories of motivation, & Jackass theory of motivation

Back 29

Motivation

JACKASS THEORY OF MOTIVATION- IS KELLYS DESCRIPTION OF HIS OWN THEORY BECAUSE IT CLAIMED THAT MOTIVATION IS INHERENT TO HUMAN NATURE. THEREFORE, THERE IS NO NEED TO POSTULATE EVENTS THAT PUSH OR PULL HUMANS INTO ACTION. * LEARNING IS ANY CHANGING IN ONE'S CONSTRUCT SYSTEM

Front 30

___________ the recognition that the events with which one is confronted lie outside the range of convenience of one's construct system.

Back 30

anxiety.

because the primary function of a construct system is to accurately anticipate events, anxiety is evidence of failed construct system and requires modification.
*SITUATION OUT OF YOUR CONSTRUCT AND YOU DONT KNOW HOW TO ACT.

Front 31

________ is the continued effort to extort validational evidence in favor of a type of social prediction which has proven a failure. when it is clear that one's construct system has failed construe the situation properly one may refuse to accept this fact and attempt to demand validation from the environment

Back 31

HOSTILITY .

* WHEN YOU FORCE A CONSTRUCT THAT PREVIOUSLY DID NOT WORK, IN THIS POSITION THE PERSON MAY BECOME HOSTILE, TO EXORT EVIDENCE TO BULLY PEOPLE INTO BEHAVING IN WAYS IN WHICH COFIRM HIS PREDICTION

Front 32

___________ , the aggressive individual opts to extend his construct system rather than define it. this is the opposite of hostility. it is the attempt to expand one's construct system to an ever increasing range of events.

Back 32

aggression

Front 33

___________ has to do with the consistency or inconsistency with which one interactss with significant people or groups in one's life. it is inconsistency in these relationships that causes guilt.

Back 33

guilt.

* OUT OF LINE WITH YOUR CONSTRUCT ( YOUR MORALS ARE PART OF YOUR CONSTRUCT)

Front 34

______ is is the awareness of imminent comprehensive change in one's core structures. these _____________ structures are used to make sense out of life. they become the heart of what others may call our belief system.

Back 34

THREAT (IMPORTANT CONSTRUCTS ARE PUT TO TEST)

CORE STRUCTURES.

Front 35

__________ results when a peripheral element of one's construct system is invalidated rather than one's core constructs.

Back 35

fear (LESS IMPORTANT CONSTRUCTS ARE PUT TO QUESTION)

EXAMPLE IF YOUR COWORKER STABS YOU IN THE BACK THEN (FEAR) IF YOUR HUSBAND CHEATS ON YOU THEN (THREAT)

Front 36

kelly believe that constructs with low cognitive awareness are considered more or less as ______________ .

Back 36

unconscious.

YOU ARE PRESENTED WITH SOMETHING YOU CAN'T PUT INTO AWARENESS SO YOU IGNORE IT.

Front 37

these unconscious constructs can be _______________ constructs which are formed early in life, before language was available.

Back 37

preverbal constructs

Front 38

emphasizing one pole of the construct and ignoring the other is known as ______________

Back 38

submergence.

Front 39

another way by which an element of experience can have low cognitive awareness is through ______________. an experience is suspended when it cannot be used constructively in one's construct system.

Back 39

suspension.

( SOMETHING HAPPENED YOU ARE NOT READY TO DEAL WITH IT, SO YOU IGNORE IT.)

Front 40

______________ – any change in one’s construct system
_______________– replaced with validation
Validation

Back 40

Learning
Reinforcement

** people seek validation of their construct systems. if a person predicts something unpleasant will occur and it does, his or her construct system will have been validated even though the experience was a negative one.

Front 41

Neurotic people are like bad scientists
Disorders are defined as any personal construction used repeatedly regardless of consistent invalidation
____________ ___________ Repertory Test was used to identify the construct s a client uses to construe the relevant people in his or her life.

Back 41

Role Construct

Front 42

______________ attitude _ asks the clients about themselves, he believed that the information they gave could be trusted.
Self-_____________ : the purpose of this was to help the therapist see how they construed themselves and their interactions with the world and with other people.
_______-______ therapy : kelly believed that one can cause clients to explore different ways of construing by pretending they are different people. the therapists presents a sketch and asks the client to act it out.

Back 42

Credulous

characterization

Fixed-role