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212 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Albumin
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Protein in blood; maintains the proper amount of water in the blood
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Anisocytosis
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Inequality in the size of red blood cells.
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Anticoagulant
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Substance that prevents blood clotting.
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Antigen
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Foreign agent that stimulates the production of an antibody.
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Basophil
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White blood cell (leukocyte) containing dark granules that stain with a basic dye.
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Bilirubin
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Orange-yellow pigment in bile; formed by the breakdown of hemoglobin when red blood cells are destroyed.
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Coagulation
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Process of blood clotting.
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Coagulaopathy
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Disease of blood clotting.
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Colony-Stimulating Factor (CSF)
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Protein that stimulates growth of white blood cells (granulocytes)
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Cytology
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Differentiation
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Change in structure & function of a cell as it matures; specialization.
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Electrophoresis
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Method of separating serum proteins by electrical charge.
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Eosinophil
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White blood cell whose granules stain intensely with an acidic eosin (reddish) dye; elevated in allergic reactions.
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Eosinophilia
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Increase in numbers of eosinophils in the bloodstream.
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Erythroblast
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Immature red blood cell.
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Erythrocyte
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Red blood cell.
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Erythropioesis
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Formation of red blood cells.
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Erythropoietin (EPO)
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Substance (hormone) produced by the kidney to stimulate bone marrow to produce erythrocytes.
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Fibrin
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Protein threads that form the basis of a blood clot.
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Fibrinogen
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Plasma protein that is converted to fibrin in the clotting process.
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Globulin
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Plasma protein
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Granulocyte
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White blood cell with numerous dark-staining granules; includes neutrophil, eosinophil, and basophil.
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Granulocytopenia
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Deficiency of granulocytes.
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Hematopoiesis
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Formation of blood cells.
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Hematopoietic Stem Cell
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Cell in the bone marrow that gives rise to all types of blood cells.
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Hemoglobin
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Blood protein containing iron; carries oxygen in red blood cells.
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Hemoglobinopathy
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blood disorder (as sickle-cell anemia) caused by a genetically determined change in the molecular structure of hemoglobin.
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Hemolysis
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Destruction or breakdown of blood (red blood cells).
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Hemostasis
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Stoppage of bleeding or circulation of blood.
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Heparin
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Anticoagulant found in blood & tissue cells.
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Hypochromic
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Pertaining to deficiency in color; decrease in hemoglobin in red blood cells.
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Immune Reaction
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Response of the immune system to foreign invasion.
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Immunoglobulin
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Antibody protein in the blood; IgA, IgM, IgD, IgE.
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Leukapheresis
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Mechanical separation of white blood cells from the rest of the blood.
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Leukocyte
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White blood cell.
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Leukopenia
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Lymphocyte
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White blood cell capable of producing antibodies.
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Macrocytosis
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Presence of large red blood cells in the blood.
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Macrophage
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Monocyte that migrates from the blood to tissue spaces. As a phagocyte, it engulfs foreign material & debris. In the liver, spleen, & bone marrow, macrophages destroy worn out red blood cells.
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Megakaryocyte
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Large, giant cell with a big nucleus; platelet precursor found in the bone marrow.
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Microcytosis
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Increased numbers of smaller than normal red blood cells.
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Monoblast
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Immature monocyte.
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Monocyte
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White blood cell (agranulocyte) with one large nucleus; enter tissues as macrophages.
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Mononuclear
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A(n) ___________ antibody is an antibody produced in a laboratory to attack specific antigens. also Pertaining to a white blood cell with a single, round nucleus; monocyte or lymphocyte. |
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Morphology
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Study of the shape and form of cells, particularly red blood cells. also Microscopic examination of a stained blood smear to determine the shape of individual red blood cells. |
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Myeloblast
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Immature granulocytic white blood cell; a cell normally only found in the bone marrow.
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Myelodysplasia
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Myeloid
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Derived from bone marrow.
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Myelopoiesis
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The production of bone marrow and of all cells that arise from it, namely, all blood cells.
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Neutropenia
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Deficiency of neutrophils.
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Neutrophil
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White blood cell with dark granules that stain with a neutral dye; phagocyte formed in the bone marrow and the body's first line of defense against disease.
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Neutrophilia
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Increased numbers of neutrophils.
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Pancytopenia
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Deficiency of all (blood) cells.
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Phagocyte
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Cell that engulfs another cell or foreign organism and destroys it.
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Plasma
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Liquid portion of blood; contains water, proteins, salts, nutrients, lipids, hormones, & vitamins.
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Plasmapheresis
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Removal of plasma from withdrawn blood by centrifuge.
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Platelet
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Clotting cell or thrombocyte.
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Plateletpheresis
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Separation of platelets from the rest of the blood.
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Poikilocytosis
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Variation in the shape of red blood cells.
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Polymorphonuclear
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Pertaining to a white blood cell with a muli-lobed; neutrophil.
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Prothrombin
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Plasma protein; converted to thrombin in the clotting process.
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Reticulocyte
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Immature erythrocyte. A network of strands (reticulin) is seen after staining the cell with special dyes.
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Rh Factor
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Antigen on red blood cells of Rh-positive individuals. The factor was first indentified in the blood of a rhesus monkey.
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Serum
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Plasma minus clotting proteins (prothrombin and fibrinogen) and clotting cells.
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Sideropenia
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A deficiency of iron
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Spherocytosis
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Increase in numbers of sphere-shaped red blood cells, as in a type of anemia (hemolytic anemia).
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Stem Cell
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Unspecialized cell that gives rise to mature, specialized forms.
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Thrombin
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Enzyme that converts fibrinogen to fibrin during coagulation.
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Thrombocyte
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Platelet; clotting cell
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Thrombocytopenia
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Deficiency of clotting cells.
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Thrombolytic Therapy
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_________ therapy is treatment with drugs to break down clots that may abnormally form in blood vessels.
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Thrombosis
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Condition of clot formation.
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Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia
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Immature lymphocytes (lymphoblasts) predominate.
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Acute Myelogenous Leukemia
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Immature granulocytes (myeloblasts) predominate.
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Anemia
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Deficiency of red blood cells.
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Antiglobulin Test (Coombs Test)
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Test for the presence of antibodies that coat & damage erythrocytes.
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Apheresis
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Withdrawal and separation of blood elements.
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Aplastic Anemia
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______________ anemia occurs when the bone marrow stops producing red blood cells.
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Autologous Transfusion
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The introduction of whole blood or blood components directly into the blood stream.
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Bleeding Time
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Time required for blood to stop flowing from a tiny puncture wound.
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Blood Transfusion
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Whole blood cells are taken from a donor & infused into a patient.
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Bone Marrow Biopsy
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Microscopic examination of a core of bone marrow removed with a needle.
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Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
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Abnormal numbers of relatively mature lymphocytes predominate in the marrow, lymph nodes, & spleen.
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Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia
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Both mature immature granulocytes are present in large numbers in the marrow & blood.
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Coagulation Time
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Time required for venous blood to clot in a test tube.
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Complete Blood Count (CBC)
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Determination of numbs of blood cells, hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit, & red cell values
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Dyscrasia
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An abnormal or disordered state of the body or of a bodily part.
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Ecchymoses
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Large blue or purplish patches on the skin (bruises)
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Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)
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Speed at which erythrocytes settle out of plasma.
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Granulocytosis
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Increased numbers of granulocytes in the blood.
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Hematocrit (Hct)
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Percentage of red blood cells in a given volume of blood.
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Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant
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Peripheral stem cells from a compatible donor are administered to a recipient.
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Hemochromatosis
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Excess iron deposits throughout the body.
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Hemoglobin Test
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Total amount of hemoglobin in a sample of peripheral blood.
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Hemolytic Anemia
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_________ anemia occurs when there is excessive destruction of red blood cells.
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Hemophilia
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Hereditary disease of blood clotting failure with abnormal bleeding. Affected individuals are lacking a blood clotting factor (factor VIII or factor IX).
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Intrinsic Factor
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A substance secreted by the stomach that enables the body to absorb vitamin B12. It is a glycoprotein. |
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Leukemia
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Cancer of blood-forming tissues, including bone marrow.
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Mononucleosis
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Infectious disease marked by increased numbers of leukocytes and enlarged cervical lymph nodes.
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Multiple Myeloma
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Malignant neoplasm of bone marrow.
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Palliative
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Relieving pain or alleviating a problem without dealing with the underlying cause.
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Pernicious Anemia
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_____________ anemia is anemia due to inability to absorb vitamin B12 into the body. Lack of mature erythrocytes caused by inability to absorb Vitamin B12 into the bloodstream. |
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Petechiae
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Small, pinpoint hemorrhages caused by bleeding under the skin.
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Platelet Count
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Number of platelets per cubic millimeter or microliter of blood.
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Polycythemia Vera
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General increase in red blood cells (erythremia).
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Prothrombin Time (PT)
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Test of the ability of blood to clot.
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Purpura
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A rash of purple spots on the skin caused by internal bleeding from small blood vessels.
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Red Blood Cell Count (RBC)
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Number of erythrocytes per cubic millimeter or microliter of blood.
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Red Blood Cell Morphology
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Microscopic examination of a stained blood smear to determine the shape of individual red cells.
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Relapse
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Return of symptoms of disease.
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Remission
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Disappearance of signs & symptoms of disease
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Sickle Cell Anemia
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Heredity disorder of abnormal hemoglobin producing sickle-shaped erythrocytes & hemolysis.
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Thalassemia
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Inherited defect inability to produce hemoglobin, leading to hypochromia.
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White Blood Cell Count (WBC)
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Number of leukocytes per cubic millimeter or mircroliter of blood.
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White Blood Cell Differential
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Percentages of different types of leukocytes in the blood.
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Antibody (Ab)
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Specific protein (immunoglobulin) produced by lymphocytes in response to bacteria, viruses, or other antigens. An antibody is specific to an antigen & inactivates it.
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Adaptive Immunity
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_________ immunity is the type of immune response in which a B cell lymphocyte transforms into a plasma cell and secretes antibodies.
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Adenoids
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Mass of lymphatic tissue in the nasopharynx.
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Anaphylaxis
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Tissue swelling and blood pressure drop due to an exaggerated or unusual hypersensitivity to foreign protein or other substance.
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Antibody
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Protein made by white blood cells in response to foreign substances (antigens) in the blood. ALSO Protein produced in the bloodstream by lymphocytes in response to a specific antigen, such as a bacterium or toxin. These proteins destroy or weaken antigens. |
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Antigen
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Foreign agent that stimulates the production of an antibody.
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Asplenia
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The absence of normal spleen function
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Autoimmune Disease
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____________ diseases are diseases that are caused by the abnormal production of antibodies to normal body tissues; multiple sclerosis and lupus erythematosus are examples. |
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Axillary Nodes
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Lymph nodes in the armpit (underarm).
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B Lymphocyte
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A _ lymphocyte is a lymphocyte that originates in bone marrow and transforms into a plasma cell to secrete antibodies.
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Cell-mediated Immunity
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T cells (cytotoxic, helper & suppressor) that respond to antigens & destroy them; a type of adaptive immunity
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Cervical Nodes
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Lymph nodes in the neck region. __________ nodes are lymph nodes in the neck. |
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Complement System
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Proteins in the blood that help antibodies kill their target.
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Cytokines
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Protein that aids cells to destroy antigens. Examples are interleukins and interferons.
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Cytotoxic T Cell
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Lymphocyte that directly kills antigens; called CD8-positive T cell.
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Dendritic Cell
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Antigen-presenting cell. Shows T & B cells what to attack.
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Helper T Cell
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Lymphyocyte that aides B cells & stimulates T cells. Also called CD4-positive T cell.
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Humoral Immunity
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B Cells produce antibodies after exposure to specific antigens; type of adaptive immunity.
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Hypersplenism
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Syndrome of spleen enlargement (splenomegaly) and increased destruction of red blood cells (hemolysis).
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Immunity
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Body's ability to resist foreign organisms & toxins that damage tissues & organs. This includes natural immunity & adaptive immunity.
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Immunoglubulins
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Antibodies such as IgA, IgE, IgG, IgM, & IgD; secreted by plasma cells (mature B cells) in response to the presence of an antigen.
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Immunosuppression
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The partial or complete suppression of the immune response of an individual. It is induced to help the survival of an organ after a transplant operation.
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Immunotherapy
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Use of immunologic techniques to treat disease.
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Inguinal Node
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Lymph nodes in the groin region.
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Interferons
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Anti-viral proteins secreted by lymphocytes.
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Interleukins
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Proteins (cytokines) that stimulate the growth of B & T lymphocytes.
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Interstitial Fluid
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Fluid in the spaces between cells. This fluid becomes lymph when it enters lymph capillaries. __________ fluid is the fluid that fills the spaces in between cells. |
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Lymph
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Fluid that circulates within lymph vessels and lymph nodes.
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Lymphadenitis
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Inflammation of the lymph nodes.
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Lymphadenopathy
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Disease of lymph nodes.
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Lymph Capillaries
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Tiniest lymphatic vessels.
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Lymphedema
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Abnormal collection of fluid in tissue spaces caused by obstruction of lymph vessels and backflow of lymph.
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Lymph Node
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Collection of stationary solid lymphatic tissue lymph vessels; contains cells (lymphocytes & macrophages) that fight infection.
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Lymphocytes
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White blood cells that develop primarily in lymph nodes and the spleen and fight against foreign organisms.
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Lymphocytosis
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An increase in the number of lymphocytes in the blood.
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Lymphocytopenia
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The condition of having an abnormally low level of lymphocytes in the blood.
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Lymphoid Organs
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Lymph nodes, spleen, & thymus glands.
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Lymphopoiesis
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The process in which lymphocytes (B cells, T cells and NK cells) develop from progenitor cells.
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Lymph Vessel
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Carrier of lymph throughout the body; lymphatic vessels lymph into veins in the upper part of the chest.
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Macrophage
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Large phagocytic cell migrating from the blood into tissues.
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Mediastinal Nodes
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Lymph nodes in the area between the lungs in the thoracic (chest) cavity.
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Mesenteric Nodes
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Lymph nodes in the mesentery (intestinal region).
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Monoclonal Antibody
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Antibody produced in a laboratory to attack antigens & to destroy cells; useful in immunotherapy.
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Natural Immunity
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_________ immunity is the person's own genetic ability to fight off disease. It includes phagocytes and lymphocytes such as natural killer cells. It is NOT dependent on any prior exposure to the disease.
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Paraaortic Nodes
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Lymph nodes near the aorta in the lumbar (waist) area of the body.
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Plasma Cell
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A ______ cell is a B cell lymphocyte that has transformed and is actively secreting antibodies.
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Right Lymphatic Duct
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Lymphatic vessel in the chest that drains lymph from the upper right part of the body. It empties into a large vein in the neck.
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Spleen
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Organ adjacent to the stomach (in the LUQ) that stores, and eliminates blood cells.
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Splenectomy
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Removal of the spleen.
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Splenomegaly
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Enlargement of the spleen.
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Suppressor T Cell
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Lymphocyte that inhibits the activity of B & T cells. Also called a Treg (regulatory T cell).
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T Cell
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(T Lymphyocyte) Lymphocyte that acts directly on antigens to destroy them or produce chemicals (cytokines) such as interferons & interleukins that are toxic to antigens.
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Thoracic Duct
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Large lymphatic vessel that drains lymph from the lower & left side of the body (head, neck arm & chest). It empties into large veins in the neck.
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Thymectomy
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Surgical removal of the thymus gland.
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Thymus Gland
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The _______ gland is a lymphoid organ in the mediastinum that produces T cell lymphocytes and aids in the immune response.
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Tolerance
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The ability of T lymphocytes to recognize & accept the body's own antigens as "self" or friendly. Once tolerance is established, the immune system will not react against the body. |
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Tonsils
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Masses of lymphatic tissue on either side of the back of the mouth.
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Toxic
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Pertaining to a toxin, which is a poison or harmful substance.
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Toxin
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Poison; a protein produced by certain bacteria, animals, or plants. |
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Vaccination
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Exposure of an individual to foreign protein (antigen) that provokes an immune response. The response will destroy any cell that possesses the antigen on its surface & will protect against infection.
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Vaccine
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Weakened or killed microorganisms, toxins, or other proteins given to induce immunity to infection or disease.
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Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) |
Group of clinical signs & symptoms associated with suppression of the immune system & marked by opportunistic infections, secondary neoplasms, & neurological problems. |
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Allergen
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Substance capable of causing a specific hypersensitivity reaction in the body; a type of antigen
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Allergy
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Abnormal hypersensitivity acquired by exposure to an antigen (allergen).
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Atopy
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The genetic tendency to develop allergic diseases such as allergic rhinitis, asthma and atopic dermatitis (eczema).
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CD4+ Cell Count
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Measures the number of CD4+ T cells (helper T cells) in the bloodstream of patients with AIDS. |
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ELISA
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Screening test to detect anti-HIV antibodies in the bloodstream. enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay |
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Hodgkin Disease
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__________ lymphoma is a malignant tumor of lymphatic tissue in the spleen and lymph nodes that is characterized by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells.
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Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
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Virus (retrovirus) that causes AIDS. |
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Immunoelectrophoresis
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Laboratory test that separates immunoglobulins (IgG, IgM, IgD, IgE, and IgA).
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Kaposi Sarcoma
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___________ sarcoma is a malignant tumor of skin and connective tissue and is associated with AIDS.
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Lymphoma
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Malignant tumor of lymph nodes and lymphatic tissue.
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Multiple Myeloma
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Malignant tumor of the bone marrow cells.
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Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
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Group of malignant tumors involving lymphoid tissue. Examples are follicular lymphoma & large cell lymphoma.
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Opportunistic Infections
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Infectious diseases associated with AIDS; they occur because HIV infection lowers the body's resistance & allows infection by bacteria & parasites that normally are easily contained.
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Protease Inhibitors
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Drug that treats AIDS by blocking the production of protease, a proteolytic enzyme that helps create new viral pieces for HIV.
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Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors
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Drug that treats AIDS by blocking reverse transcriptase, an enzyme needed to make copies of HIV.
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Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disease
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Thymoma
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Malignant tumor of the thymus gland.
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Viral Load Test
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Measurement of the amount of AIDS virus (HIV) in the bloodstream.
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Wasting Syndrome
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Wasting Syndrome
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Weight loss, decrease in muscular strength, appetite & mental activity; associated with AIDS.
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Western Blot |
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Computed Tomography (CT) scan
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X-ray imaging produces cross-sectional & other views of anatomic structures. |
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CD4+ Cells
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Helper T cells that carry the CD4 protein antigen on their surface. HIV binds to CD4 & infects & kills T cells bearing this protein. AIDS patients have an inadequate number of CD4+ cells. |
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Waldenstrum Macroglobulinemia
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Disorder of malignant B cells. |
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Differential
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Percentage of the total white blood cell count made up by different types of leukocytes.
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T Lymphocyte
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A _ lymphocyte is a lymphocyte originating in the thymus gland and destroys antigens by direct action or production of cytokines such as interferons and interleukins.
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Retrovirus
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Virus that makes copies of itself using the host cell's DNA, a process that is the reverse of the normal replication mechanism in cells. HIV is an example.
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Acquired Immunity
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________ immunity is the immunity that occurs due to formation of antibodies and lymphocytes after exposure to an antigen. |
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AIDS
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AIDS
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(Abbreviation) Depression or suppression of the immune system after exposure to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV); marked by opportunistic infections, secondary neoplasms, and neurologic problems.
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HIV
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(Abbreviation) Virus (retrovirus) that causes AIDS. |
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Myelogenous
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Myelogenous
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Pertaining to cells produced in the bone marrow.
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Leukocytopenia
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Deficiency of white blood cells.
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