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110 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Location of spinal cord |
neck, middle of the back to coccyx |
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Length and width of the spinal cord |
Length: about 18 inches (45 cm) Width: 1/2 in (14 mm) |
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Limits of the spinal cord |
stress in weight. This can injure hip, and cause slipped discs.
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The spinal cord continues to elongate and enlarge until what age? |
4 |
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The Spinal cord is _______ that the spinal canal. |
shorter |
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The inferior limit of the Spinal cord is ______ |
L I and L II |
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Describe the position of the white mater in the spinal cord |
Superficial and is organized in columns |
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Describe the position of Gray mater in the spinal cord |
surrounds central canal of spinal cord |
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What is cervical enlargement and its importance? |
The spinal cord extension that corresponds to the arms, it is responsible to supply nerves to the upper limbs |
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What is Lumbar enlargement? |
expansion that corresponds to the legs, responsible for supplying nerves to the lower limbs |
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The white mater contains_______ |
myelinated and unmyelianted axons |
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TRUE/ FALSE : The white matter of the spinal cord contains bundles of axons with common origins, destination, and functions |
True |
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In the spinal cord, white matter is separated into ascending and descending tracts organized as _______ |
tracts or fasciculi |
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The gray matter contains_______ |
Neuron cell bodies Neuroglia Unmyelinated axons |
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What is the conus medullaris? |
conical area below lumbar enlargement |
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What is the fillum terminalis? |
slender strand of fibrous tissue that extends from the inferior tip of the conus medullaris |
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The ______ ________ is a strand of fibrous tissue that provides longitudinal support as a component of the coccygeal ligament |
Fillum terminalis |
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What is the denticulate ligament? and its function? |
originate along either side of the spinal cord and prevent lateral movement. |
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What are horns? |
projections of gray matter towards the outer surface of the spinal cord |
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The gray horns of the spinal cord contain mainly ______ |
somatic sensory and motor nuclei |
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What types of neurons contain the anterior, posterior and the lateral gray horn |
anterior: somatic motor Posterior: somatic sensory Lateral: visceral nuclei |
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What are the nuclei? |
functional groups of cell bodies |
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What are the ganglia? |
cell bodies of sensory neurons |
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What is a nerve? |
is surrounded by three connective tissue layers, that support structures and contain blood vessels
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What is a tract? |
bundles of axon in white columns |
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The anterior (ventral) root consists of the axons of the ________ neurons |
motor neurons |
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The dorsal root consists of the axons of ___________ neurons |
cell bodies of sensory neurons |
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What type of information is carried by the anterior or ventral root |
extend into the periphery to control somatic and visceral effectors |
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What type of information is carried by the posterior or dorsal root? |
bring sensory information to the spinal cord |
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The dorsal root ganglia may contain _______ neurons |
cell bodies of sensory |
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If the dorsal root of a spinal nerve is severed, sensory input would be blocked. Why? |
the connection is lost and the sensory input would not be able to reach the dorsal root |
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When the dorsal and ventral root unite, they form the ______ |
spinal nerves |
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Spinal nerves are sensory and motor mixed. Why? |
carry both afferent (sensory fibers and efferent (motor fibers). each peripheral nerve provides sensory or motor neurons to specific structures |
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TRUE/ FALSE : The spinal nerve forms lateral to the interverteral foramen |
True |
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The spinal cord consists of ____ regions and ____ segments |
31 and 31 |
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How many pairs of spinal nerves are there? |
31 |
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What of information carries the spinal nerve? |
sensory information to the spinal cord |
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Number of cervical nerves |
8 |
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number of thoracic nerves |
12 |
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number of lumbar nerves |
5 |
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number of sacral nerves |
5 |
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number of coccigeal nerves |
1 |
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Name the branches of the spinal nerve |
ventral rami dorsal rami communicantes (white and gray ramus) |
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The ______ innervates the ventrolateral body surface, structures in the body wall, and the limbs |
ventral rami |
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The ______ of each spinal nerve innervates the skin and muscles of the back |
dorsal rami |
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TRUE / FALSE : The preganglionic fibers connect a spinal nerve with an autonomic ganglion with the local spinal nerve |
TRUE |
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TRUE/FALSE : Post ganglionic fibers connect an autonomic ganglion with the local spinal nerve |
True |
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What is a plexus? |
complex interwoven network of nerves
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TRUE/FALSE : The plexus are networks of ventral rami only |
True |
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The ventral rami form four major plexuses. Name them |
1. cervical 2. Brachial 3. Lumbar 4. Sacral |
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TRUE/ FALSE: The cervical plexus consists of ventral rami from C1 - C5 |
True |
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The ventral rami of spinal nerves C5 to T1 contribute fibers to the ______plexus. |
Brachial |
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The Brachial plexus consists of _______ |
C5-T1 |
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The lumbar plexus consists of ________ |
T12- L4 |
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The sacral plexus consists of ________ |
L4-S4 |
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How many plexus are there? |
4 |
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TRUE/FALSE : In the thoracic region the ventral rami of the spinal nerves do not form plexus |
True |
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Name one of the nerves of the cervical plexus |
Phrenic nerve |
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If a person has a crush injury to the C3-C5 spinal segments, you would expect that he might be unable to breathe in his own. why? |
The cervical plexus innervates the thoracic cavity
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The _______ nerve, which arises in the cervical plexus, innervates the diaphram. |
Phrenic nerve |
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Name the nerves of the brachial plexus |
- Musculocutaneous nerve - Median nerve - Ulnar nerve - Radial nerve - Axillary nerve |
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Name the nerves of the lumbar plexus |
- Genitofemoral nerve - lateral femoral cutaneous nerve - Femoral nerve |
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Name the nerves of the sacral plexus |
- Pudendal nerve - Sciatic nerve |
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Name the branches of the sciatic nerve |
- fibularis nerve - tibularis nerve |
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The white matter of the spinal cord contains bundles of axons that share common origins destinations and functions, they are called _________ tracts. |
ascending and descending |
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The white matter of the spinal cord is mainly _______ axons |
myelinated and unmyelinated |
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The ascending tracts carry information to the ______ |
brain |
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The descending tracts carry motor commands to the ________ |
spinal cord |
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What is gray commisure? |
axons that cross from one side of the cord to the other within the gray matter |
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What is a spinal segment? |
connects a pair of spinal nerves |
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What is a dermatone? |
bilateral regions of skin that are monitored by specific pairs of spinal nerves |
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What is a shingle? |
regional loss of sensory sensation in the corresponding region of skin |
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In the condition ______, a virus infects dorsal root ganglia, causing painful rash whose distribution corresponds to that of the affected sensory nerves as seen in their dermatomes. |
Shingles |
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A viral disease that destroys the cells of the anterior gray horn will lead to muscle weakness or paralysis. Why? |
The anterior gray horn contains somatic motor neurons |
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Each segment is associated with a pair of dorsal root ganglia |
True |
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Each segment is designated by a letter and number |
True |
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Name the membrane that protects the brain and spinal cord |
Meninges |
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What is meningitis? |
inflammation of the meninges |
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Name the meninges in order. |
1. Dura mater - outer layer 2. Arcichoid meter - middle layer 3. Pia mater - inner layer |
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The tough, fibrous, outermost covering of the spinal cord is ______ |
Dura mater |
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Where are found the blood vessels that supply directly spinal cord? |
run along the surface of the pia mater inside the subarachoid space |
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The layer of the meninges in direct contact with in the spinal cord is the ________ |
Pia matter |
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What is subarachnoid space? |
space filled with cerebrospinal fluid that contains collagen fibers and is located between arachnoid matter and pia mater |
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Function of the CSF |
carries dissolved gases, nutrients and wastes |
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The epidural space contains _______. |
loose connective tissues Adipose tissue blood vessels |
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The epidural space is used to _______ |
inject anesthetic |
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Functions of the epidural block |
a numbing medicine given by injection in the back, it numbs or causes a loss of feeling in the lower half your body
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The spinal tap is performed at what level? Why? |
Lumbar, used to withrdraw CSF |
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The withdrawn of the CSF in performed in what space?
|
subarachnoid space |
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TRUE/FALSE: Every spinal segment is connected to a pair of spinal nerves |
True |
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Every spinal nerve is surrounded by a layer of connective tissue named ______ |
epineruium |
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Every axon is surrounded by a layer of connective tissue named________ |
endoneurium |
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The bundle of axons is surrounded by _______ |
perinerium |
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Every individual axon is surrounded by ______ |
endoneurium |
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What is a monosynaptic reflex? |
sensory neuron synapses directly onto motor neuron
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What is a neural reflex and their characteristics? |
rapid, automatic responses to specific stimulus |
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What is an innate reflex? |
reflex based on a synapses formed during development |
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What is a polysynaptic reflex? |
at least one neuron between sensory and motor |
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What is a quadriplejia? |
paralysis of all four limbs |
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What is paraplejia? |
paralysis of the legs and lower body |
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What is a neuronal pool? |
functional groups of interconnected neurons that stimulate of depress parts of brain or spinal cord |
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Name the recognized neuronal circuit patterns? |
- Divergence - Convergence - Serial processing - Parallel processing - Reverberation |
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What is divergence |
spread of information from one neuron to several neurons |
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What is convergence |
several neurons bring input from many sources to single neuron |
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What is reverberation |
colateral branches of axons extend back toward the source of an impulse and further stimulate the presynaptic neurons |
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What is serial processing |
Information is relayed from one neuron to another or form one neuronal pool |
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What is parallel processing |
When several neurons or neuronal pols process the same information simultaneously |
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Steps in neural reflex |
1. Arrival of stimulus, activation of receptor 2. Activation of sensory neuron 3. Information processing by postsynaptic cell 4. Activation of motor neuron 5. Response of peripheral effectors |
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What is the Babinski reflex |
is a sign of injury to descending spinal tracts, it is normal in newborns, it is abnormal in adults.
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Which of the following is not true about positive Babinski reflex?
A. abnormal in adults B. normal in newborns C. A sign of injury to deceding spinal tracts D. Why you close your eyes when you sneeze E. Flaring of the toes when the sole is stroked |
D |