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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Endocrine Glands |
Ductless glands that secrete hormones directly into the blood stream |
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Hormones |
Chemical messenger sent to many parts of the body to produce a specific effect on a target cell or organ |
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Endocrine system |
In vertebrates, a system that works in parallel from the nervous system to maintain homeostasis by releasing chemical hormones from various glands |
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Negative feedback mechanisms |
Mechanism of homeostasis response by which the output of a system suppresses or inhibits the activity of the system |
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Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) |
Hormone regulated by the hypothalamus and released by the pituitary gland that increases the permeability of the distal tubule and the collecting duct in the nephrons of the kidney, allowing more water to be reabsorbed into the bloodstream from the filtrate |
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Tropic hormones |
Hormone that targets endocrine glands and stimulates them to release other hormones |
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Pituitary gland |
Consists of both the anterior and posterior pituitary, both of which produce hormones that influence metabolism, growth, development, reproduction and other life functions. |
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Posterior pituitary |
Posterior lobe of the pituitary, an endocrine gland that stores and releases ADH and oxytocin, which are produced by the hypothalamus and transferred to the posterior pituitary by neural axons |
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Anterior pituitary |
An endocrine gland that synthesizes and secretes 6 major hormones: human growth hormone (hGH), prolactin (PRL), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH) |
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Human growth hormone |
Stimulates the liver to secrete hormones called growth factors, which along the hGH influence many physiological processes such as protein synthesis, cell division and growth, and metabolic breakdown and release of fats |
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Thyroid gland |
Butterfly shaped gland located below the larynx in the neck, produces thyroxine and helps regulate metabolism and growth |
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Thyroxine |
Hormone produced by the thyroid and released into the bloodstream: controls the rate that the body metabolizes fats, carbohydrates and proteins for energy |
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Hypothyroidism |
Condition when the thyroid produces to low of a level of thyroxine |
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Hyperthyroidism |
When the thyroid produces extremely high levels of thyroxine |
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Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) |
Released by the anterior pituitary which causes the thyroid gland to secrete thyroxine; controlled by the negative feedback mechanism, the rising levels of thyroxine are detected in the blood by the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary suppress the secretion of TSH and thyroxine |
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Goitre |
Enlargement of a thyroid gland caused when the thyroid gland is constantly stimulated by TSH, but is unable to synthesize thyroxine to create a negative feedback loop |
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Adrenal glands |
One pair of organs located on top of the kidneys; composed of two layers (an outer cortex and an inner medulla); each layer produces different hormones and functions as an independent organ |
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Adrenal medulla |
Inner layer of the adrenal glands that produces epinephrine and norepinephrine hormones that regulate the short term stress response |
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Epinephrine |
Hormone produced by the adrenal cortex hormones that regulates the short term stress response |
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Norepinephrine |
Aka noradrenaline: regulates the short term stress response |
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Short term stress response |
The bodies acute reaction to stress in which the sympathetic nervous system is stimulated (fight or flight response) |
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Adrenal cortex |
The outer layer of the adrenal glands that produce glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids, hormones that regulates long term stress response: also secretes small amounts of gonadocorticoids: female and male sex hormones that supplement the hormones produced by the testis and ovaries |
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Long term stress response |
Sustained physiological response to stressors, characterized by increases to blood glucose and blood pressure and decrease in inflammatory response; regulated by hormones produced by the adrenal cortex |
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Cortisol |
A type of glucocorticoid hormone released by the adrenal cortex of the adrenal gland in a long term stress response; triggers an increase in blood glucose levels and reduces inflammation |
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Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) |
Hormone synthesized by the anterior pituitary gland to target the adrenal cortex and regulate the production of glucocorticoids |
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Aldosterone |
A type of mineralocorticoid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex; stimulates the distal tubule and collecting duct of the kidneys to increase the absorption of sodium into the bloodstream which is followed by the passive absorption of water and chloride |
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Pancreas |
A small gland in the abdomen that secretes digestive enzymes into the small intestine; as well as bicarbonate to neutralize hydrochloric acid from the atom; also secretes the hormone insulin |
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Islets of langerhans |
Cluster of endocrine cells found throughout the pancreas; consisting of glucagon- producing alpha cells and insulin-producing beta cells |
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Beta cells |
Cell of the pancreas which secretes insulin to decrease the level of blood glucose |
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Alpha cell |
Cell of the pancreas which secretes glucagon to increase the level of blood glucose |
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Insulin |
A hormone secreted by the alpha cells of the islets of langerhans in the pancreas to make target cells more permeable to glucose; enables the body to use sugar and other carbohydrates |
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Glucagon |
Hormone produced by the alpha cells of the islets of langerhans in the pancreas to stimulate the liver to convert glycogen back into glucose which is released into the blood |
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Diabetes mellitus |
A condition that results when the pancreas doesn’t make enough insulin or the body doesn’t respond properly to insulin. Levels of glucose tend to rise sharply after meals (hyperglycaemia) and remain at significantly elevated levels |
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Hyperglycaemia |
Condition from high levels of blood glucose, occurs in individuals with diabetes mellitus |
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Type 1 diabetes |
A condition where the immune system produces antibodies that attack and destroy the beta cells of the pancreas so they’re unable to produce insulin. This requires daily insulin injections |
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Type 2 diabetes |
A condition that develops slowly over time either because the insulin receptors stop responding to insulin or Because the beta cells produce less and less insulin over time |
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GOAT FLAP |
G- growth hormone “hGH” O- Oxytocin A- anti diuretic hormone “ADH” T- Thyroid stimulating hormone “TSH”
F- Follicle Stimulating Hormone “FSH” L- Luteinizing Hormone “LH” A-Adrenocorticotropic hormone “ACTH” P- Prolactin “PRL” |
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What does the human growth hormone do “hGH” |
Stimulates cell division, bone and muscle growth and metabolic functions |
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What does parathyroid hormone do “PTH” |
Raises blood calcium levels by stimulating the bone cells to release calcium, the intestines absorb calcium from food, and the kidneys to reabsorb calcium |
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What does the adrenal cortex secrete |
Glucocorticoid, mineralocorticoids and gonadocorticoids |
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What does glucocorticoids do |
Stimulate tissues to raise blood glucose and break down protein Ex. Cortisol |
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What do mineralocorticoids do |
Promotes reabsorption of sodium in the kidneys (raises blood pressure) |
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What does adrenocorticotropic do “ACTH” |
Stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids |
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What does follicle stimulating hormone do “FSH” |
Stimulates the production of ova and sperm |
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What does luteinizing hormone do “LH” |
Stimulates sex hormone production |
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What does prolactin do “PRL” |
Stimulates milk production from the mammary gland |
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What does antidiuretic hormone do “ADH” |
Promotes the retention of water from the kidneys |
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What does oxytocin do |
Stimulates uterine muscle contractions and the release of milk from the mammary glands |
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What does the thyroid secrete |
Thyroxine and Calcitonin |
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Thyroxine (t4) what does it do |
Affects all tissues, increases metabolic rate and increases growth and development |
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What does calcitonin do? |
Targets bones and kidneys to lower blood calcium by inhibiting release of calcium from bone and reabsorption on calcium by kidneys |
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What do gonadocorticoids do |
Promote sexual characteristics |
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What does the adrenal medulla secrete |
Epinephrine and norepinephrine |
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What does epinephrine and norepinephrine do |
They are our fight or flight hormones and they raise blood glucose levels |
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What does the pancreas secrete |
Insulin and glucagon |
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What does insulin do |
Lowers blood glucose levels and promotes glycogen to form in the liver |
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What does glucagon do |
Raises blood glucose levels by converting glycogen into glucose |
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What do the ovaries secrete |
Estrogen and progesterone |
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What’s the order of the negative feed back loop |
Hypothalamus (Releasing hormone “hormone 1)” Pituitary gland (Stimulating hormone “hormone 2”) Target gland (Hormone 3)<— feeds back to hypothalamus and pituitary gland |