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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are Biologic Processes?
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Changes in an individual's physical growth and development. These changes are a result of genetic inheritance that interacts with external influences such as nutrition, exercise, stress, culture, climate.
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What are Cognitive Processes?
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Changes in intelligence, ability to communicate, ability to think
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What are Socioemotional Processes?
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Changes in personality, emotions, relationships through the lifespan.
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Developmental theories.
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Provide a framework for examining, describing and apreciating human development. Help nurses assess and treat a person's response to an illness.
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Biophysical Developmental theories?
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About how our physical bodies grow and change. Describes the process of biological maturation.
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Who is Arnold Gesell?
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Described biophysical development - although everyone develops at different times, the order of development (first rolling over, then crawling, then walking) is about the same, the environment may play a part in when development occurs but not the overall sequence.
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Theories of phychoanalytic/ psychosocial development?
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Describe human development from the perspectives of personality, thinking, and behavior. Explains development in terms of inner drives and motives that are primarily unconscious and influence every aspect of an individual's thinking and behavior. Occur in stages that every human experiences in a sequence.
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Who is Sigmund Freud?
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Developed psychoanalytic model of personality development. Adult personality is the result of how an individual resolved conflicts between sources of pleasure and the mandates of reality.
The goal in Freud's theory was the development of balance between pleasure-seeking drives and social pressures. |
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Steps of Freudian development?
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Stage 1: Oral (birth to 12 to 18 months)
Stage 2: Anal (12 to 18 to 3yrs) Stage 3: Phallic or Oedipal (3 to 6 yrs) - genital organs become the focus of pleasure. Fantasy about the parent of the opposite sex as the first love. Stage 4: Latency (6 to 12 yrs) - sexual urges repressed, socially acceptable activities. Stage 5: Genital (puberty through adulthood) |
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Who is Erik Erikson?
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Developed a theory that stated that development is focused on osychosocial stages and development occurres throughout the life span.
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Erikson's 8 stages of Development?
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1. Trust - Mistrust (birth - 1) - essential for the development of a healthy personality. Formation of trust results in faith and optimism.
2. Autonomy - Sense of shame and doubt (1-3 yrs) - making choices = self-control and willpower. 3. Initiative - Guilt (3-6yrs) - development of superego or concience = child's desire to explore and limits placed on his behavior = results in direcion of purpose. 4. Industry - Inferiority (6-11 yrs) - accomplishments and praise, seak achievement to develop a sense of competency + adult's attitudes toward work later in life. 5. Identity - Role confusion ( puberty) - sexual maturation, Who am I? 6. Intimacy - Isolation (young adult) - capacity to love others and care for them. Isolation will result of fear of rejection and disappointment. 7.Generativity - Self-absorption and Stagnation (middle age) - Supporting future generations. Personal and social involvment. 8. Integrity - Despair (old age) - Search for meaning in life = growth and the basic strength of wisdom. Life has been a failure and regret. |
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What is Temperament?
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Behavioral style that affects the individual's emotional interactions with others.
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Three basic classes of temperament and characteristics of each?
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Individual's temperament is established by the age of 2 to 3 months.
1. The easy child - easygoing and even-tempered. 2. The difficult child - highly active, irritable and irregular in habits. Adupts slowly to new routines, people, situations. Mood expressions are usually intense and primarily negative. 3. The slow-to-warm-up child - typically reacts negatively and with mild intensity to new stimuli. Adapts slowly with repeated contact and responds with mild but passive resistance to novelty or changes in routine. |
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Gould and the Stage-Crisis Theory?
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20' - I have to get away from my parents
early 30' - Is what I am the only way for me to be? late 30' - Have I done the right thing? Is there time to change? Impact of a growing family and aging parents. 40' - The die is cast - belief that possibilities are limited, personality is set. Regret mistakes made with children. 50's - decrease in negativism. |
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What is Cognitive Developmental Theory?
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Stress how people learn to think and make sense of their world.
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Piaget stages of Cognitive Development?
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Period I: Sensorimotor (birth - 2yrs) - infant develops action pattern for dealing with the environment.
Period II: Preoperational (2-7 Yrs) - Children learn to think with the use of symbols and mental images. Only see world from their point of view. Learn primarily through play. Period III: Concreate operations (7 - 11 yrs) - achieve the ability to perform mental operations - thinks before doing it, can describe a process without actually performing it. Period IV: Formal operations (11- adulthood) - abstract thinking and theoretical subjects - world peace. leaning of life. |
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What is Social Cognitive Theory?
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Bandura states that individuals learn through modeling: much more than imitation; it is observing behavior and choosing wheather to copy it.
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What is Postformal Thought?
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Stage, within adults demonstrate the ability to recognize that answers vary from situation to situation and that solutions need to be sensible. Adults are able to accept contradiction and see the world in shades of gray rather than all black and white.
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Moral Developmental Theory?
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Refers to the changes in a person's thoughts, emotions and behaviors that influence beliefs about what is right or wrong.
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Piaget's Theory of Moral Developemnt?
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1 stage - Heteronomous morality (between 4 and 7) - rules are unchangeable and that when a rule is broken, there is imminent justice.
2 stage - autonomous morality - child understands that people make rules and that they can be changed. Is was primarily through peer interactions that children are able to develop moral reasoning since in peer groups children are able to disagree and come to a settlememnt. |
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Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development?
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Level I: Preconventional Reasoning - person reflects on moral reasoning based on personal gain = illness is a punishment for fightning with their sibling.
Stage 1: Punishment and Obedience Orientation - Child's response to a moral dilemma is in terms of absolute obedience to authority and rules. Stage 2: Instrumental Relativist Orientation - Recognition that there is more than one wight view. Punishment is not proof of being wrong but something that one wants to avoid. Level II: Conventional Reasoning - How will it affect my relationship with others? Emphasos on social rules and a community-centered approach. Stage 3: Good boy -Nice girl Orientation - wants to win approval and maintain it. Stage 4: Society -Maintaining Orientation - focus from a relationship with others to societal concerns. Level III: Postconventional Reasoning - definition of own moral values and principles and not based on authority or conformity groups. Stage 5: Social Contract Orientation - individual follows the societal law but recognizes the possibility of changing the law the improve society. Stage 6: Universal Ethical Principle Orientation - Defines right by the decision of conscience in accord with self-shosen ethical principles. |
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Why is it important for nurses to understand their own moral reasoning level?
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Recognizing your own moral development level is essential in separating your own beliefs from others when helping clients with their moral decision-making process.
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How do developmental theories help nurses?
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Help nurses use critical thinking skills when asking how and why people respond as they do.
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________ development is the ability of an individual to distinguish right from wrong and to develop ethical values on which to base his or her actions.
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Moral
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Freud's _________ developmental stage is a time of turbulence when earlier sexual urges reawaken and are directed to an individual outside the family circle.
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Genital
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The nurse teaches parents how to have their children learn impulse control and cooperatice behaviors. This would be during which of Erickson's stages of development?
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Initiative versus guilt
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A 47-year-old woman expresses dismay to the nurse that her young adult children are unemloyed. Hes husband is working and near retirement. She is not working and feels bored with her life and unneeded. She is experiencing which of Erikson's stages of development?
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Generativity versus self-absorption and stagnation.
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During this stage of cognitive development, the individual's thinking moves to abstract and theoretical subjects. Thinking can venture into such subjects as achieving world peace, finding justice and seeking meaning in life.
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Formal operations.
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In this level of Kohlberg's moral development theory the person reflects on moral reaasoning based on personal gain.
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Preconventional
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