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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
nerves at the end of the spinal cord |
cauda equina |
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Name the three meningeal layers from superficial to deep. |
-dura mater -arachnoid mater -pia mater |
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the space between the periosteum of the vertebral canal and the dura mater |
epidural space |
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the space between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater |
subarachnoid space |
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The spinal cord consists of peripheral _____ and central _____. |
white matter gray matter |
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The dorsal root contains ____ axons. The ventral root contains ____ axons. The spinal nerves have ____ axons. |
sensory motor sensory and motor |
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What is the function of reflexes and what are the two different types? |
to maintain homeostasis somatic and autonomic reflexes |
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reflexes that are mediated through the somatic nervous system and include removing body from painful stimuli, keep the body from suddenly falling, and cause movement from external forces |
somatic reflexes |
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reflexes that are mediated though the ANS and are responsible for maintaining variables within their normal ranges including blood pressure, blood CO2 levels, and water intake |
autonomic reflexes |
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body detects the stretch of skeletal muscles and cause the muscle to shorten reflexively |
stretch reflex |
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body responds to increased tension within the tendons and causes skeletal muscles to relax |
golgi tendon reflex |
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activation of pain receptors causes contraction of muscle and the removal of some part of the body from a painful stimulus |
withdrawal reflex |
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surrounds individual nerve axons |
endoneurium |
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surrounds groups of nerve axons (fascicles) |
perineurium |
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surrounds the whole nerve (bundle of fascicles) |
epineurium |
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specific cutaneous distributions assigned to each nerve |
dermatomes |
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Name how many of each spinal nerve there is. |
C - 8 T - 12 L - 5 S - 5 C - 1 |
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Spinal nerves branch to form ______. The ________ supply the muscles and skin near the middle of the back. The _______ in the thoracic region form intercostal nerves, which supply the thorax and upper abdomen. The lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal _______ join to form plexuses. |
rami dorsal rami ventral rami ventral rami |
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The brain stems consists of what three things? |
medulla oblognata, pons, midbrain |
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____ of the 12 cranial nerves arise from the brainstem. |
10 |
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The medulla oblongata contains ____ and ____ tracts. The _______ regulate the heart, blood vessels, breathing, swallowing, vomiting, coughing, sneezing, hiccuping, balance and coordination. The ______ are tracts controlling voluntary muscle movement. |
ascending descending medullary nuclei pyramids |
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The pons is superior to the _______. It contains both ______ and ______ tracts. It connects the _______ to the _____. __________ regulate breathing, swallowing, balance, chewing, and salivation. |
medulla ascending descending cerebrum cerebellum pontine nuclei |
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The mid brain is superior to the ______. The ___________ consists of 4 colliculi -- two inferior ones that are involved in ______ and two superior ones that are involved in ______. The ________ and _______ help regulate body movements. And the ___________ are the major descending motor pathway. |
pons corpora quadrigemina hearing visual reflexes substantia nigra red nucleus cerebral peduncles |
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The _________ consists of nuclei scattered throughout the brainstem. It regulates ________ functions such as breathing, walking, and chewing. The ________ maintains _____ and regulates the __________ cycle. |
reticular formation cyclic functions reticular activating system consciousness sleep-wake cycle |
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Gray matter forms the ___ and ____ of the cerebellum. White matter forms the _____ and connects the cerebellum to the rest of the CNS. WM also connects the cerebellar cortex to the _________. |
cortex nuclei arbor vitae cerebellar nuclei |
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What are the three parts of the cerebellum? |
flocculonodular lobe vermis lateral hemispheres |
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part of the cerebellum that controls balance and eyes movements |
flocculonodular lobe |
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part of the cerebellum that controls posture, locomotion, and fine motor coordination |
vermis (and medial part of the lateral hemispheres) |
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part of the cerebellum that is involved in planning, practice, and learning of complex movements |
lateral hemispheres |
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The diencephalon consists of what 4 parts? |
thalamus subthalamus epithalamus hypothalamus |
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The diencephalon is located between the ____ and the _____. |
brainstem cerebrum |
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Part of the diencephalon that consists of two lobes connected by the interthalamic adhesion |
thalamus |
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The thalamus functions as the _____ center. All ___ input, except for _____, synapses in the thalamus. It then interacts with other parts of the brain to control _____ activity. It is involved in ____ and ____ perception. |
integration sensory olfaction motor emotions pain
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The _______ is inferior to the thalamus and is involved in ______ function. |
subthalamus motor |
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The ______ is superior and posterior to the thalamus and consists of the __________ and ________. |
epithalamus Habenular nuclei Pineal body |
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part of the epithalamus that influences emotions through the sense of smell |
Habenular nuclei |
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part of the epithalamus that may play a role in the onset of puberty and the sleep-wake cycle |
Pineal body |
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The hypothalamus is the main ____ control center of the body and is vitally important to overall ______. It is the ______ control center and center for ______ response/behavior. It also controls ______, _____, ______, and the ______. The _________ are reflex centers for olfaction. |
visceral homeostasis autonomic emotional body temperature food intake water balance endocrine system mammillary bodies |
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ridges in the cerebrum |
gyri |
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grooves in the cerebrum |
sulci or fissures |
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The ________ divides the cerebrum into left and right hemispheres. |
longitudinal fissure |
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The lobe involved in voluntary motor function, motivation, aggression, sense of smell, and mood. |
frontal lobe |
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The lobe that contains the major sensory areas receiving sensory input (touch, pain, temperature, balance, and taste). |
parietal lobe |
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The lobe that contains the visual centers. |
occipital lobe |
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The lobe that evaluates smell and hearing input and is involved in memory, abstract thought, and judgement. |
temporal lobes |
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located deep in the lateral fissure |
insula |
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White matter in the brain forms what three tract types? What does each connect? |
association fibers - connects areas of the cortex in the same hemisphere commissural fibers - connect cerebral hemispheres projection fibers - connect cerebrum to spinal cord (and other parts of the brain) |
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includes the corpus striatum, sub thalamic nuclei, and substantia nigra; important in controlling motor function |
basal nuclei |
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The ______ includes part of the cerebral cortex, basal nuclei, the thalamus, the hypothalamus, and the olfactory cortex. Its involved in ______, _____, ______, and the _______ of sensory input (and ____ in general). |
limbic system memory reproduction nutrition emotional interpretation emotions |
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The ______ attaches to the skull and has two layers that can separate to form _____ and _____. Beneath the ________, the ______ contains CSF that helps cushion the brain. The _____ attaches directly to the brain. |
duramater dural folds dural venous sinuses arachnoid mater subarachnoid space pia mater |
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The lateral ventricles in the cerebrum are connected to the _____ in the diencephalon by the _______. The third ventricle is connected to the ______ in the pons by the _______. And the ______ is connected to to the fourth ventricle. The fourth ventricle is connected to the subarachnoid space by ______ and _____. |
third ventricle interventricular foramina fourth ventricle cerebral aquaduct central canal median apertures lateral apertures |
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CSF is produced from the blood in the _______ of each ventricle by ______ cells. It moves from the lateral to the third and fourth ventricles. From the 4th ventricle, CSF enters the ______ through three _____. It leaves that area through _______ and returns to the blood in the __________. |
choroid plexus ependymal subarachnoid space apertures arachnoid granulations dural venous sinuses |
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The BBB is formed by the endothelial cells of the capillaries in the _____. |
brain |
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When is the brain stem considered non-functional? |
-when reflexes at all levels of the brain stem are non-functional -there is no spontaneous breathing (mediated through the medulla oblongata) |