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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Development
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It is the sequence of sage-related changes that occur as a person progresses from conception to death
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What are 2 themes that permeate the study of human development?
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Transition and continuity.
- Psychs study how people evolve through transitions over time. They find continuity with the past |
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What are the 4 periods of the life span?
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1. prenatal
2. childhood 3. adolescence 4. adulthood |
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Zygote
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A one-celled organism formed by the union of a sperm and an egg.
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Prenatal period
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Extends from conception to birth, usually encompassing nine months of pregnancy.
- development is rapid |
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How many phases is the prenatal period divided? What are they?
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Three stages.
1. Germinal (first 2 weeks) 2. Embryonic (2 weeks to 2 months) 3. Fetal (2 months to birth) |
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Germinal stage
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1st phase of prenatal development, encompassing the first 2 weeks after conception
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Placenta
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A structure that allows oxygen and nutrients to pass into the fetus from the mother's bloodstream and bodily wastes to pass out to the mother.
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Embryonic stage
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2nd stage of prenatal development, lasting from 2 weeks until the end of the 2nd month.
- Most vital organs and bodily systems begin to form - Period of great vulnerability and most miscarriages - Most major structural birth defects also result from problems occurred during this stage |
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Fetal stage
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3rd stage of prenatal development, lasting from 2 months through birth.
- Muscles and bones form - "Fetus" - Ready for environment after layer of fat deposited under skin to provide insulation 23-26 weeks (threshold of viability) |
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How does nutrition affect development?
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Prenatal nutrition is vital and severe maternal malnutrition increases risk of birth complications and neurological deficits for newborn
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How does stress and emotion affect development?
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Maternal emotions have impact on prenatal development.
- Mother's emotional reactions to stressful events disrupt normal balance |
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How does drug use affect development?
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They can slip through membranes of placenta.
- Avoid alcohol - Smoking increases a mother's rick for miscarriage, stillbirth, and prematurity, and newborn's rick for Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) |
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How does alcohol consumption affect development?
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Can cause fetal alcohol syndrome
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Fetal alcohol syndrome
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Collection of congenital (inborn) problems associated with excessive alcohol use during pregnancy
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What are some factors that increase the risk for SIDS?
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- Smoking
- Cocaine, heroine, teenage mothers - Loose covers - Warm room - African American (2x) - Native American (3x) |
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What are some factors that decrease the risk for SIDS?
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- The opposite of above and breastfeeding pacifiers
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How does maternal illness affect development?
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It mostly depends on when mother contracted illness
- HIV can be transmitted |
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How does environmental toxins affect development?
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Air pollution can cause impairments in cognitive development at age 5
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How does fetal origins of adult disease affect development?
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Events during prenatal development can "program" fetal brain in ways that influence person's vulnerability to increase decades later.
- Risk of depression and mood disorders |
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Motor development
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Refers to the progression of muscular coordination required for physical activities
- Grasping - Reaching for objects - Crawling, walking, running |
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Maturation
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Development that reflects the gradual unfolding of one's genetic blueprint
- Product of genetically programmed physical changes that come with age |
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Developmental norms
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Indicate the typical (median) age at which individuals display various behaviors and abilities
- Group averages |
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Are all cultures the same between experience and maturation in motor development?
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No, some cultures have rapid motor development and others have slow due to the discouragement of motor exploration
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Attachment
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Refers to the close emotional bonds of affection that develop between infants and their caregivers
- Mother is most important (not instantaneous) - 2-3 months: can be handed to strangers with little difficulty - 6-8 months: show preference for mother's company and protest when separated |
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Separation anxiety
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Emotional distress seen in many infants when they are separated from people with whom they have formed an attachment
- Peaks at 14-18 months and begins to decline |
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How many categories of attachments are there? What are they?
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Three.
1. Secure 2. Anxious- Ambivalent 3. Avoidant |
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Secure Attachment
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Play and explore comfortably with their mother present, become visibly upset when she leaves, and are quickly calmed by her return
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Anxious- ambivalent / Resistant Attachment
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They appear anxious with their mothers near and protest excessively when she leaves, but are not particularly comforted when she returns
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Avoidant Attachment
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Seek little contact with their mothers and often are not distressed when she leaves
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What is the pace that children go at until they can produce words?
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- 7-5 months: recognize common word forms
- 8 months: first signs of understanding meanings of familiar words - 10-13 months: utter sounds that correspond to words |
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Fast mapping
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The process by which children map a word onto an underlying concept after only one exposure
- Often add words like tank, board, and tape to their vocabularies after their 1st encounter with objects that illustrate these concepts |
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Overextension
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Occurs when a child incorrectly uses a word to describe a wider set of objects or actions than it is meant to
EX: child will use "ball" to describe anything round |
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Underextension
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Occurs when a child incorrectly uses a word to describe a narrower set of objects or actions than it is meant to
EX: child will use "doll" to refer to only a single, favorite doll |
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Telegraphic speech
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Consists mainly of content words; articles, prepositions, and other less critical words are omitted
- "Give doll" not "Please give me the doll" |
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Overregularizations
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Occurs when grammatical rules are incorrectly generalized to irregular cases where they do not apply
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How many stages did Erikson divide the life span into? How many are childhood stages?
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8 stages total but only 4 childhood stages.
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Describe Trust Versus Mistrust
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Infant depends completely on adults to take care of its basic needs for such necessities as food, a warm blanket, and changed diapers.
- 1st year of life |
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Describe Autonomy Versus Shame and Doubt
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Parents begin toilet training and other efforts to regulate the child.
- Begin to take some personal responsibility - 2nd and 3rd years of life |
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Describe Initiative Versus Guilt
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Children must learn to function socially within their families
- 3 to 6 years |
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Describe Industry Versus Inferiority
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Children must learn to function socially beyond their family
- 6 years to puberty |
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Cognitive development
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Refers to transitions in youngster's patterns of thinking, including reasoning, remembering, and problem solving
- Dominated by Jean Piaget |
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How many stages are in Piaget's stage theory of development? What are they?
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4 stages.
1. Sensorimotor period (birth to 2) 2. Preoperational period (2 to 7) 3. Concrete Operational period (7 to 11) 4. Formal Operational period (11+) |
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Describe the Sensorimotor Period.
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Infants develop ability to coordinate sensory input with motor actions
- Development of object permanence |
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Object permanence
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Develops when a child recognizes that objects continue to exist even when they are no longer visible
- Show toy. Hide toy. Child will not attempt to search for it |
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Describe the Preoperational period.
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Children gradually improve in their use of mental images
- 2 beakers with same amount of water. Pour water from one of them into taller beaker. Child says do not contain same amount of water. |
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Conservation
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Piaget's term for the awareness of that physical quantities remain constant in spite of changes in their shape or appearance
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Centration
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Tendency to focus on just one feature of a problem, neglecting other important aspects
- Concentrate on height of water while ignoring width |
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Irreversibility
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Inability to envision reversing an action
- Don't think about what would happen if water were poured back from tall beaker into original beaker - Cannot "undo" something |
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Egocentrism
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In thinking is characterized by a limited ability to share another person's viewpoint
- Ask girl whether her sister has a sister and she says "no" |
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Animism
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Belief that all things are living
- "Why does the wind get so mad?" |
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Describe the Concrete Operational period.
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Children can perform operations only on images of tangible objects and actual events.
- Master Reversibility (permits a child to mentally undo something) and Decentration (allows a child to focus on more than one feature of a problem simultaneously) - Leads to decline in Egocentrism and gradual mastery of Conservation |
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Describe Formal Operational period.
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Children begin to apply their operations to abstract concepts in addition to concrete objects
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How many levels of moral development did Kohlberg come up with? What are they?
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3 levels.
1. Preconventional 2. Conventional 3. Postconventional |
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Describe Preconventional
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- Punishment Orientation: Right and wrong is determined by what is punished
- Naïve reward Orientation: Right and wrong is determined by what is rewarded |
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Describe Conventional
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- Good boy/ good girl Orientation: Right and wrong is determined by close others' approval or disapproval
- Authority Orientation: Right and wrong is determined by society's rules, and laws, which should be obeyed rigidly |
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Describe Postconventional
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- Social contract Orientation: Right and wrong is determined by society's rules, which are viewed as a fallible rather than absolute
- Individual principles and conscience Orientation: Right and wrong is determined by abstract ethical principles that emphasize equity and justice |
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What are 3 different parenting styles?
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1. Authoritarian (rules, stern, rigid, demanding)
2. Permissive (few demands, neglectful, indulgent) 3. Authoritative (firm limits with love and affection) |