Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
207 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
acetabulum
|
Rounded depression, or socket, in the pelvic bone where the femur (thigh bone) joins the pelvis, forming the hip joint.
|
|
|
acromion
|
Outward extension of the shoulder bone forming the point of the shoulder. It overlies the shoulder joint and articulates with the clavicle.
|
|
|
articular cartilage
|
Thin layer of cartilage occurring at the ends of long bones and covering any part of bone that comes together with another bone to form a joint.
|
|
|
calcium
|
One of the mineral constituents of bone. Calcium phosphate is the major calcium salt in bones.
|
|
|
cancellous bone
|
Spongy, porous, trabecular bone.
|
|
|
cartiliginous tissue (cartilage)
|
Flexible, rubbery connective tissue. It is found on joint surfaces throughout life and in the immature skeleton at the epiphyseal growth plate.
|
|
|
collagen
|
Dense connective tissue strands found in bone.
|
|
|
compact bone
|
Hard, dense bone tissue.
|
|
|
condyle
|
Knuckle-like process at the end of a bone near the joint.
|
|
|
cranial bones
|
skull bones: ethmoid, frontal, occipital, parietal, sphenoid, and temporal.
|
|
|
diaphysis
|
Shaft, or midportion, of a long bone.
|
|
|
disc (disk)
|
Flat, round, plate-like structure. An intervertebral disc is a fibrocartilaginous substance between two vertebrae.
|
|
|
epiphyseal plate
|
Cartiliginous area at the ends of long bones where lengthwise growth takes place.
|
|
|
epiphysis
|
Each end of a long bone; the area beyond the epiphyseal plate.
|
|
|
facial bones
|
lacrimal, mandible, maxillae, nasal, vomer, and zygomatic bones.
|
|
|
fontanelle
|
Soft spot (incomplete formation) between the skull bones of an infant.
|
|
|
foramen
|
Opening or passage in bones where blood vessels, nerves, or both enter and leave. The foramen magnum is the opening of the occipital bone through which the spinal cord passes.
|
|
|
fossa
|
Shallow cavity in a bone.
|
|
|
haversian canals
|
Minute spaces filled with blood vessels; found in compact bone.
|
|
|
malleolus
|
Round process on both sides of the ankle joint. The lateral malleolus is part of the fibula, and the medial malleolus is part of the tibia.
|
|
|
mastoid process
|
Round projection on the temporal bone behind the ear.
|
|
|
medullary cavity
|
Central, hollowed-out area in the shaft of a long bone.
|
|
|
metaphysis
|
The flared portion of a long bone, lying between the diaphysis (shaft) and the epiphyseal plate (meta- means between).
|
|
|
olecranon
|
Large process on the proximal end of the ulna; the point of the flexed elbow.
|
|
|
osseous tissue
|
Bone tissue.
|
|
|
ossification
|
Process of bone formation.
|
|
|
osteoblast
|
bone cell that helps form bone tissue.
|
|
|
osteoclast
|
Bone cell that absorbs and removes unwanted bone tissue.
|
|
|
periosteum
|
Membrane surrounding bones; rich in blood vessels and nerve tissue.
|
|
|
phosphorus
|
mineral substance found in bones in combination with calcium.
|
|
|
pubic symphysis
|
Area of confluence (coming together) of the two pubic bones. They are joined (sym- means together, -physis means to grow)by a fibrocartilaginous disc.
|
|
|
red bone marrow
|
Found in cancellous bone; site of hematopoiesis.
|
|
|
ribs
|
These 24 elongated, curved bones form the bony wall of the chest. True ribs are the first 7 pairs; false ribs are pairs 8-10; floating ribs are pairs 11 and 12.
|
|
|
sinus
|
Cavity within a bone.
|
|
|
styloid process
|
Pole-like process on the temporal bone.
|
|
|
trabeculae
|
Supporting bundles of bony fibers in cancellous (spongy) bone.
|
|
|
trochanter
|
Large process below the neck of the femur; attachment site for muscles and tendons.
|
|
|
tubercle
|
Small, rounded process on a bone; attachment site for muscles and tendons.
|
|
|
tuberosity
|
Large, rounded process on a bone; attachment site for muscles and tendons.
|
|
|
vertebra
|
individual back bone composed of the vertebral body, vertebral arch, spinous process, transverse process, lamina, and neural canal.
|
|
|
xiphoid process
|
Lower, narrow portion of the sternum.
|
|
|
yellow bone marrow
|
Fatty tissue found in the diaphyses of long bones.
|
|
|
calc/o
|
calcium
|
|
|
calci/o
|
calcium
|
|
|
kyph/o
|
humpback (posterior curvature in the thoracic region)
|
|
|
lamin/o
|
lamina (part of the vertebral arch)
|
|
|
lord/o
|
curve, swayback (anterior curvature in the lumbar region)
|
|
|
lumb/o
|
loins, lower back
|
|
|
myel/o
|
bone marrow
|
|
|
orth/o
|
straight
|
|
|
oste/o
|
bone
|
|
|
scoli/o
|
crooked, bent (lateral curvature)
|
|
|
spondyl/o
|
vertebra (used to make words about conditions of the structure)
|
|
|
vertebr/o
|
vertebra (used to describe the structure)
|
|
|
-blast
|
embryonic or immature cell
|
|
|
-clast
|
to break
|
|
|
-listhesis
|
slipping
|
|
|
-malacia
|
softening
|
|
|
-physis
|
to grow
|
|
|
-porosis
|
pore, passage
|
|
|
-tome
|
instrument to cut
|
|
|
acetabul/o
|
acetabulum (hip socket)
|
|
|
calcane/o
|
calcaneus (heel bone)
|
|
|
carp/o
|
carpals (wrist bones)
|
|
|
clavicul/o
|
calvicle (collar bone)
|
|
|
cost/o
|
ribs (true ribs, false ribs, and floating ribs)
|
|
|
crani/o
|
cranium (skull)
|
|
|
femor/o
|
femur (thigh bone)
|
|
|
fibul/o
|
fibula (smaller lower leg bone)
|
|
|
humer/o
|
humerus (upper arm bone)
|
|
|
ili/o
|
ilium (upper part of the pelvic bone)
|
|
|
isch/o
|
ischium (posterior part of the pelvic bone)
|
|
|
mandibul/o
|
mandible (lower jaw bone)
|
|
|
maxill/o
|
maxilla (upper jaw bone)
|
|
|
metacarp/o
|
metacarpals (hand bones)
|
|
|
metatars/o
|
metatarsals (foot bones)
|
|
|
olecran/o
|
olecranon (elbow)
|
|
|
patell/o
|
patella (kneecap)
|
|
|
pelv/i
|
pelvis (hip bone)
|
|
|
perone/o
|
fibula (smaller lower leg bone)
|
|
|
phalang/o
|
phalanges (finger bones)
|
|
|
pub/o
|
pubis (anterior part of the pelvic bone)
|
|
|
radi/o
|
radius (lower arm bone - thumb side)
|
|
|
scapul/o
|
scapula (shoulder bone)
|
|
|
stern/o
|
sternum (breast bone)
|
|
|
tars/o
|
tarsals (bones of the hindfoot)
|
|
|
tibi/o
|
tibia (shin bone)
|
|
|
uln/o
|
ulna (lower arm bone - little finger side)
|
|
|
Ewing sarcoma
|
Malignant bone tumor.
|
|
|
exostosis
|
Bony growth arising from the surface of bone, such as osteochondromas and bunions.
|
|
|
osteochondroma
|
An exostosis composed of cartilage and bone usually found on the metaphyses of long bones near the epiphyseal plates.
|
|
|
bunion
|
A swelling of the metatarsophalangeal joint near the base of the big toe and is accompanied by the build-up of soft tissue and underlying bone.
|
|
|
fracture
|
sudden breaking of bone
|
|
|
Colles fracture
|
occurs near the wrist joint at the lower end of the radius.
|
|
|
comminuted fracture
|
bone is splintered or crushed into several pieces. A simple fracture means that a bone breaks in only one place and is therefore not comminuted.
|
|
|
compression fracture
|
bone is compressed; often occurs in vertebrae.
|
|
|
greenstick fracture
|
bone is partially broken and partially bent on the opposite side, as when a green stick breaks; occurs in children.
|
|
|
impacted fracture
|
fracture in which one fragment is driven firmly into the other.
|
|
|
osteogenic sarcoma
|
Malignant tumor arising from bone (osteosarcoma). This is the most common type of malignant bone tumor.
|
|
|
osteomalacia
|
Softening of bone, with inadequate amounts of mineral (calcium) in the bone.
|
|
|
osteomyelitis
|
Inflammation of the bone and bone marrow secondary to infection.
|
|
|
osteoporosis
|
Decrease in bone density (mass); thinning and weakening of bone.
|
|
|
talipes
|
Congenital abnormality of the hindfoot (involving the talus). Ex: talipes equinovarus, or clubfoot. In this congenital deformity, the patient cannot stand with the sole of the foot flat on the ground.
|
|
|
articulation
|
joint
|
|
|
bursa (plural: bursae)
|
Sac of fluid near a joint; promotes smooth sliding of one tissue against another.
|
|
|
ligament
|
Connective tissue binding bones to other bones; supports, strengthens, and stabilizes the joint.
|
|
|
suture joint
|
Type of joint in which apposed surfaces are closely united.
|
|
|
synovial cavity
|
Space between bones at a synovial joint; contains synovial fluid produced by the synovial membrane.
|
|
|
synovial fluid
|
Viscous (sticky) fluid within the synovial cavity.
|
|
|
synovial joint
|
A freely movable joint.
|
|
|
synovial membrane
|
Membrane lining the synovial cavity; it produces synovial fluid.
|
|
|
tendon
|
Connective tissue that binds muscles to bones.
|
|
|
ankyl/o
|
crooked, bent, stiff
|
|
|
arthr/o
|
joint
|
|
|
articul/o
|
joint
|
|
|
burs/o
|
bursa
|
|
|
chondr/o
|
cartilage
|
|
|
ligament/o
|
ligament
|
|
|
rheumat/o
|
watery flow
|
|
|
synov/o
|
synovial membrane
|
|
|
ten/o
|
tendon
|
|
|
tendin/o
|
tendon
|
|
|
-desis
|
to bind, tie together
|
|
|
-stenosis
|
narrowing
|
|
|
arthritis
|
inflammation of joints.
|
|
|
ankylosing spondylitis
|
Chronic, progressive arthritis with stiffening of joints, primarily of the spine.
|
|
|
gouty arthritis
|
Inflammation of joints caused by excessive uric acid in the body.
|
|
|
osteoarthritis
|
Progressive, degenerative joint disease characterized by loss of articular cartilage and hypertrophy of bone (formation of osteophytes or bone spurs) at articular surfaces.
|
|
|
rheumatoid arthritis
|
A chronic disease in which joints become inflamed and painful. It is believed to be caused by an immune (autoimmune) reaction against joint tissues, particularly against the synovial membrane.
|
|
|
bunion
|
Abnormal swelling of the medial aspect of the joint between the big toe and the first metatarsal bone.
|
|
|
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS)
|
Compression (by a wrist ligament) of the median nerve as it passes between the ligament and the bones and tendons of the wrist (the carpal tunnel).
|
|
|
dislocation
|
Displacement of a bone from its joint.
|
|
|
ganglion
|
A fluid-filled cyst arising from the joint capsule or a tendon in the wrist.
|
|
|
herniation of an intervertebral disc (disk)
|
Abnormal protrusion of a fibrocartilaginous intervertebral disc into the neural canal or spinal nerves.
|
|
|
Lyme disease
|
A recurrent disorder marked by severe arthritis, myalgia, malaise, and neurologic and cardiac symptoms.
|
|
|
sprain
|
Trauma to a joint with pain, swelling, and injury to ligaments.
|
|
|
systemic lupus erythmatosus (SLE)
|
Chronic inflammatory disease involving joints, skin, kidneys, nervous system, heart, and lungs.
|
|
|
abduction
|
Movement away from the midline of the body.
|
|
|
adduction
|
Movement toward the midline of the body.
|
|
|
dorsiflexion
|
Backward (upward) bending of the foot.
|
|
|
extension
|
Straightening of a flexed limb.
|
|
|
fascia
|
Fibrous membrane separating and enveloping muscles.
|
|
|
flexion
|
Bending
|
|
|
insertion of a muscle
|
Connection of the muscle to a bone that moves.
|
|
|
origin of a muscle
|
Connection of the muscle to a stationary bone.
|
|
|
plantar flexion
|
Bending the sole of the foot downward toward the ground.
|
|
|
pronation
|
Turning the palm backward.
|
|
|
rotation
|
Circular movement around a central point.
|
|
|
skeletal muscle
|
Muscle connected to bones; voluntary or striated muscle.
|
|
|
smooth muscle
|
Muscle connected to internal organs; involuntary or visceral muscle.
|
|
|
striated muscle
|
skeletal muscle
|
|
|
supination
|
Turning the palm forward.
|
|
|
visceral muscle
|
smooth muscle
|
|
|
fasci/o
|
fascia (forms sheaths enveloping muscles)
|
|
|
fibr/o
|
fibrous connective tissue
|
|
|
leiomy/o
|
smooth (visceral) muscle that lines the walls of internal organs.
|
|
|
my/o
|
muscle
|
|
|
myocardi/o
|
heart muscle
|
|
|
myos/o
|
muscle
|
|
|
plant/o
|
sole of the foot
|
|
|
rhabdomy/o
|
skeletal (striated) muscle connected to bones.
|
|
|
-asthenia
|
lack of strength
|
|
|
-trophy
|
development, nourishment
|
|
|
ab-
|
away from
|
|
|
duct/o
|
to lead
|
|
|
ad-
|
toward
|
|
|
dorsi-
|
back
|
|
|
poly-
|
many, much
|
|
|
muscular dystrophy
|
A group of inherited diseases characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of muscle fibers without involvement of the nervous system.
|
|
|
polymyositis
|
Chronic inflammatory myopathy.
|
|
|
anitnuclear antibody test (ANA)
|
A sample of plasma is tested for the presence of antibodies that are found in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.
|
|
|
erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
|
This test measures the rate at which erythrocytes fall to the bottom of a test tube. Elevated sedimentation rates are associated with inflammatory disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis.
|
|
|
rheumatoid factor test
|
A sample of blood is tested for the presence of the rheumatoid factor (an antibody found in the serum of patients with rheumatoid arthritis).
|
|
|
serum calcium (Ca)
|
Measurement of the amount of calcium in blood (serum).
|
|
|
serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK)
|
Creatine phosphokinase is an enzyme normally present in skeletal and cardiac muscle. Elevated serum CPK levels are found in muscular dystrophy, myocardial infarction, and skeletal muscle disorders.
|
|
|
serum phosphorus (P)
|
Measurement of the amount of phosphorus in a sample of serum.
|
|
|
uric acid test
|
This test measures the amount of uric acid in a sample of blood. High values are associated with gouty arthritis.
|
|
|
arthrocentesis
|
Surgical puncture of the joint space with a needle. Synovial fluid is removed for analysis.
|
|
|
arthrography
|
Process of taking x-ray pictures of a joint after injection of opaque contrast material.
|
|
|
arthroplasty
|
Surgical repair of a joint.
|
|
|
arthroscopy
|
Visual examination of the inside of a joint with an endoscope. Small surgical instruments are passed into the joint to remove and repair damaged tissue. Arthroscopy is used primarily to visualize the knee, ankle, and shoulder.
|
|
|
bone scan
|
A radioactive phosphate substance is injected intravenously, and uptake of the substance in bone is measured by a special scanning device. Areas that take up excessive amounts of radioactive substance may contain tumors, infection, inflammation, stress fractures or other destructive changes.
|
|
|
dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry
|
X-rays are taken of bones in the spinal column, pelvis, and wrist, and a machine (an x-ray detector) measures how well the rays penetrate the bones. This is a test of bone density and is used to diagnose osteoporosis.
|
|
|
electromyography (EMG)
|
The process of recording the strength of muscle contraction as a result of electrical stimulation.
|
|
|
muscle biopsy
|
removal of muscle tissue for microscopic examination.
|
|
|
ACL
|
anterior cruciate ligament
|
|
|
ANA
|
antinuclear antibody
|
|
|
C1-C7
|
cervical vertebrae
|
|
|
Ca
|
calcium
|
|
|
CPK
|
creatine phosphokinase
|
|
|
CTS
|
carpal tunnel syndrome
|
|
|
DEXA
|
dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry
|
|
|
DTR
|
deep tendon reflexes
|
|
|
EMG
|
electromyography
|
|
|
ESR
|
erythrocyte sedimentation rate
|
|
|
IM
|
intramuscular
|
|
|
L1-L5
|
lumbar vertebrae
|
|
|
LE cell
|
lupus erythmatosus cell
|
|
|
Ortho.
|
orthopedics
|
|
|
P
|
phosphorus
|
|
|
RA
|
rheumatoid arthritis
|
|
|
RF
|
rheumatoid factor
|
|
|
ROM
|
range of motion
|
|
|
sed rate
|
erythrocyte sedimentation rate
|
|
|
SLE
|
systemic lupus erythematosus
|
|
|
T1-T12
|
thoracic vertebrae
|
|
|
TMJ
|
temporomandibular joint
|
