Ch11Mastering A&p

Front 1

The drug Chantix®, which treats nicotine addiction, is an ________ for the nicotine receptor.
a.agonist
b.antagonist

Back 1

a.agonist

Front 2

The signal molecule ________ elicits the stronger response from beta2 receptors.
a.norepinephrine
b.acetylcholine
c.epinephrine
d.phospholipase C

Back 2

c.epinephrine

Front 3

The two varieties of adrenergic receptors are?
a.alpha and beta.
b.nicotinic and cholinergic.
c.beta and cholinergic.
d.nicotinic and muscarinic.

Back 3

a.alpha and beta.

Front 4

The two types of cholinergic receptors are ________ and ________.

a.nicotinic and adrenergic.
b.beta and adrenergic.
c.nicotinic and muscarinic.
d.alpha and beta.

Back 4

c.nicotinic and muscarinic.

Front 5

Cholinergic nicotinic receptors are found in the ________ of the ANS.
a.autonomic ganglia
b.neuroeffector junctions
c.central nervous system
d.varicosities

Back 5

a.autonomic ganglia

Front 6

Match the following with its description.
A. acetylcholine
B. norepinephrine
C. cholinergic nicotinic receptor
D. adrenergic receptor
E. cholinergic muscarinic receptor

Primary sympathetic neurotransmitter

Back 6

b.norepinephrine

Front 7

Match the answers to the questions.
A. true only for the sympathetic division
B. true only for the parasympathetic division
C. true for both divisions

The cell bodies of preganglionic neurons are found either in the brain stem or in the sacral region of the spinal cord

Back 7

B. true only for the parasympathetic division

Front 8

Match the answers to the questions.
A. true only for the sympathetic division
B. true only for the parasympathetic division
C. true for both divisions

The neurotransmitter acetylcholine is released by neurons at the neuroeffector synapse.

Back 8

B. true only for the parasympathetic division

Front 9

Match the following with its description.

A. acetylcholine
B. norepinephrine
C. cholinergic nicotinic receptor
D. adrenergic receptor
E. cholinergic muscarinic receptor

Parasympathetic tissue receptor

Back 9

E. cholinergic muscarinic receptor

Front 10

The presence of two peripheral efferent neurons in a pathway is typical of the ________ division.
A) somatic
B) sensory
C) autonomic
D) somatic and sensory
E) somatic and autonomic

Back 10

C) autonomic

Front 11

The two divisions of the efferent side of the peripheral nervous system are
A) somatic motor neurons and voluntary neurons.
B) somatic motor neurons and autonomic neurons.
C) the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.
D) voluntary nervous system and somatic motor neurons

Back 11

B) somatic motor neurons and autonomic neurons.

Front 12

Which area(s) of the brain exert(s) control over the autonomic nervous system?
1. cerebrum
2. cerebellum
3. hypothalamus
4. pons
5. medulla
6. thalamus
A) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
B) 1, 3, 5
C) 1, 3, 4, 5
D) 1, 2, 3, 5
E) 2, 3, 4, 5

DOUBLE CHECK ANSWER LATER

Back 12

C) 1, 3, 4, 5
1. cerebrum
3. Hypothalamus
4. pons
5. medulla

Front 13

Nicotine is thought to cause approximately ________ deaths per year, worldwide.
A) 500
B) 5,000
C) 50,000
D) 500,000
E) 5,000,000

Back 13

E) 5,000,000

Front 14

Why are some substances like nicotine difficult for users to stop using?
a.The nicotine in cigarettes enhances the reward pathways in the brain.
b.Nicotine improves the functionality of the nicotinic receptors.
c.The social aspects associated with smoking become pleasurable.
d.The nicotine in cigarettes enhances the reward pathways in the brain and the social aspects associated with smoking become pleasurable.
e.All of the answers are correct.

Back 14

d.The nicotine in cigarettes enhances the reward pathways in the brain and the social aspects associated with smoking become pleasurable.

Front 15

Why is Buproprion used to help people who have chosen to quit smoking?
a.Buproprion acts as an antagonist to the nicotine receptor.
b.Buproprion acts as an agonist to nicotine, eliciting the same effects as the chemical. c.Buproprion degrades all the neurotransmitters associated with the pleasure pathways in the brain.
d.Buproprion mimics the effects of nicotine by keeping dopamine around at synapses.

Back 15

d.Buproprion mimics the effects of nicotine by keeping dopamine around at synapses.

Front 16

How do the effects of chronic nicotine on nAChR expression differ from the predicted effects of a typical receptor agonist?
a.Nicotine causes up-regulation of nAChR.
b.Nicotine causes down-regulation of nAChR.

c.Nicotine binds to the receptor irreversibly.

d.Nicotine functions as an allosteric agonist and binds to a site other than the site for acetylcholine.

Back 16

a.Nicotine causes UP-regulation of nAChR.

Front 17

With an up-regulation of receptors, how would you predict that a person would need to change the amount of nicotine consumed to get the same effects as they did in the beginning?
a.Increase use, because there are fewer receptors available for the chemical to bind to.
b.Decrease use, because there are more receptors available for the chemical to bind to. c.Increase use, because there are more receptors available for the chemical to bind to.
d.Decrease use, because there are fewer receptors for the chemical to bind to.

Back 17

c.Increase use, because there are more receptors available for the chemical to bind to.

Front 18

The efferent division of the ____ nervous system is further divided into the_____ division, which is mostly under involuntary control, and the ____ division, which is mostly under voluntary control.

Back 18

Peripheral; Autonomic; Somatic

Front 19

There are ___ divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS).

Back 19

TWO

Front 20

_______ motor neurons cause Physiological changes generally associated with the fight or flight response.

Back 20

Sympathetic

Front 21

Sympathetic motor neurons secrete the neurotransmitter ________, which will bind to _____ receptors on the target tissue.

Back 21

Norepinephrine; Adrenergic

Front 22

There are several receptor types, including _____ and _____ receptors.

Back 22

ALPHA; BETA

Front 23

______ motor neurons control the physiological state generally associated with resting.

Back 23

Parasympathetic

Front 24

Parasympathetic motor neurons secrete the neurotransmitter _____, which will bind to _____ receptors derive their name from their agonist compound _______.

Back 24

Ach; Muscarinic; Muscarine

Front 25

Antagonists include ______.

Back 25

Atropine

Front 26

There are several autonomic _____, including _____ and ____ muscle, _____ and _____ glands, and _____ tissue.
NEED TO EDIT THIS Qs

Back 26

Targets; Cardiac; and Smooth muscles;

Front 27

and the ____ division, which is mostly under voluntary control.

Back 27

Somatic

Front 28

Somatic motor neurons secrete the neurotransmitter _____, which binds to ___ receptors on the target tissue.

Back 28

Ach; nicotinic

Front 29

These receptors derive their name from their agonist compound_____.

Antagonists include [tetraethylammonium].

Back 29

Nicotine

Front 30

The motor neurons primarily associated with the fight-or-flight response are the _____ neurons.

a.parasympathetic
b.sympathetic
c.somatic
d.skeletal

Back 30

b.sympathetic

Front 31

These neurons secrete the neurotransmitter acetylcholine onto their targets:
a.all types of motor neurons.

b.somatic motor and parasympathetic motor.

c.sympathetic and parasympathetic motor.

d.sympathetic and somatic motor.

Back 31

b.somatic motor and parasympathetic motor.

Front 32

The two main types of acetylcholine receptor are known as?
a.nicotinic and muscarinic.
b.alpha and beta.
c.cholinergic and adrenergic.
d.sympathetic and parasympathetic.

Back 32

a.nicotinic and muscarinic.

Front 33

Which of the following best describes the direction and function of efferent signals?
a.toward the central nervous system, in order to deliver sensory information from all parts of the body
b.toward the central nervous system, in order to cause the movement of glands and muscles

c.away from the central nervous system, to provide sensation to all parts of the body

d.away from the central nervous system, cause motor effects in glands or muscles

Back 33

d.away from the central nervous system, cause motor effects in glands or muscles

Front 34

Which of the following are components of the efferent nervous system?
Select all that apply.
a.parasympathetic neurons
b.sympathetic neurons
c.brain
d.somatic motor neurons
e.spinal cord

Back 34

a.parasympathetic neurons &
b.sympathetic neurons &
d.somatic motor neurons

Front 35

Which of the following is/are targets of the efferent nervous system?
Select all that apply.
a.medulla oblongata
b.glands
c.cerebral cortex
d.smooth muscle
e.skeletal muscle
f.thalamus
g.cardiac muscle

Back 35

b.glands & d.smooth muscle & e.skeletal muscle & g.cardiac muscle

Front 36

A single neuron is stimulated at the central nervous system; this signal travels all the way to the target tissue, where the neurotransmitter acetylcholine is released onto the target tissue. The acetylcholine binds to a nicotinic receptor to induce skeletal muscle contraction. These steps describe the function of which branch of the efferent nervous system?

a.somatic
b.afferent
c.sympathetic
d.parasympathetic
e.none of the listed answers

Back 36

a.somatic

Front 37

The somatic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system both release acetylcholine (ACh) onto their target tissues. Do you predict that this would indicate that these two pathways carry out the same effects? Why or why not?

a.No, because the receptors found on the target tissue for each pathway are different.
b.No, because each pathway releases a different type of acetylcholine onto its target tissue. c.Yes, because the two pathways terminate at the same target tissues.
d.Yes, because the neurotransmitter is the same.
e.Yes, because the receptors at the target tissues of the somatic nervous system and the parasympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system are the same.

Back 37

a.No, because the receptors found on the target tissue for each pathway are different.

Front 38

Muscarine, a chemical produced by certain mushrooms, binds to muscarinic receptors mimicking the effect of acetylcholine. How do you think administering this chemical would change body function? The drug would _____________.
Select all that apply.
a.change the functionality of skeletal muscles

b.change the functionality of the smooth muscles within the digestive system
c.change the functionality of the heart
d.change the rate at which action potentials are propagated from the preganglionic neurons to the postganglionic neurons of the autonomic nervous system
e.change the functionality of certain exocrine and endocrine glands

Back 38

b.change the functionality of the smooth muscles within the digestive system

&

c.change the functionality of the heart

&

e.change the functionality of certain exocrine and endocrine glands

Front 39

The two subdivisions of the autonomic division of the nervous system are ________.
a.the somatic motor division and the autonomic division
b.the somatic division and the voluntary division
c.the sympathetic and the parasympathetic divisions
d.the preganglionic and the postganglionic divisions

Back 39

C. the sympathetic and the parasympathetic divisions

Front 40

The adrenal medulla is important to the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system because ________.

a.it is considered a modified parasympathetic ganglion
b.it is a source of acetylcholine
c.it is a source of catecholamines.
d.it releases epinephrine and norepinephrine directly into a chemical synapse

Back 40

C. it is a source of catecholamines.

CORRECT!!
-The adrenal medulla also has the same developmental origins as the sympathetic ganglia.

Front 41

Which division of the autonomic nervous system contains adrenergic neurons?
a.Both divisions of the nervous system
b.Only the parasympathetic division of the nervous system
c.Neither division of the nervous system
d.Only the sympathetic division of the nervous system

Back 41

D. Only the sympathetic division of the nervous system

Front 42

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.Activation of alpha receptors opens Na+ channels in the membrane.
b.Monoamine oxidase is the main enzyme responsible for the degradation of catecholamines.
c.β1 receptors respond well to both epinephrine and norepinephrine.
d.β2 receptors are not innervated by sympathetic neurons and are more sensitive to epinephrine, delivered via the blood.

Back 42

A. Activation of alpha receptors opens Na+ channels in the membrane.

CORRECT!!
-Binding to alpha receptors triggers the opening of Ca2+ channels.

Front 43

Which of the following statements is true?

a.The chemical messenger always determines the effector response.
b.The beating of the heart is regulated only by the sympathetic division.
c. Dual innervation is present in all visceral organs and glands; one branch enhances the function or secretion, while the other branch inhibits it.
d.Some blood vessels contain alpha adrenergic receptors that cause vasoconstriction in the presence of epinephrine, whereas others have β2 adrenergic receptors that cause vasodilation in the presence of epinephrine.

Back 43

D. Some blood vessels contain alpha adrenergic receptors that cause vasoconstriction in the presence of epinephrine, whereas others have β2 adrenergic receptors that cause vasodilation in the presence of epinephrine.

Front 44

If a somatic motor neuron fires an action potential, then ________.
a.acetylcholinesterase is the neurotransmitter released from the axon terminal
b.norepinephrine is released from the axon terminal
c.a smooth muscle cell is triggered to contract

d.the response is always excitatory

Back 44

D. the response is always excitatory
CORRECT!!
-There is no synaptic summation at a neuromuscular junction, and the release of neurotransmitter always triggers contraction in the skeletal muscle.

Front 45

The motor end plate is ________.
a. a folded area of muscle cell membrane with nicotinic ACh receptors clustered at the top of each fold
b.the same as the neuromuscular junction
c.the same as the synaptic cleft
d.formed by the membrane of enlarged axon terminals or boutons that lie on the surface of skeletal muscle cells

Back 45

A. a folded area of muscle cell membrane with nicotinic ACh receptors clustered at the top of each fold

Front 46

Aliens on Planet X have a hormone that has a structure similar to epinephrine. Scientists are calling it X-epinephrine and would like to see if it has the same effects as epinephrine does in humans. Upon administration to humans, which of the following results would best demonstrate that X-epinephrine is an epinephrine agonist?
a. The subjects' blood pressure rises. (Arterioles constrict.)
b.The subjects' blood pressure falls. (Arterioles dilate.)
c.The subjects have trouble breathing. (Bronchioles in the lungs constrict.)
d.The subjects have high blood glucose levels. (Insulin secretion is inhibited.)

Back 46

B.The subjects' blood pressure falls. (Arterioles dilate.)

CORRECT!!
-Epinephrine acting on β2 receptors does cause arterioles to dilate.

Front 47

If the scientists find that X-epinephrine causes pupil dilation, localized sweating, increased blood pressure, and high blood glucose levels in the subjects, what might they conclude about the nature of X-epinephrine?
a.It behaves like acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction.
b.It behaves like acetylcholine and acts on muscarinic receptors.
c.It behaves like norepinephrine and acts on alpha receptors.
d.It behaves like glutamate and acts on AMPA receptors.

Back 47

C. It behaves like norepinephrine and acts on alpha receptors.

CORRECT!!
-Norepinephrine acting on alpha receptors causes the listed effects.

Front 48

If a person has a genetic disorder that caused him/her to not produce norepinephrine, which type of tissue would be affected the least?
a.Juxtaglomerular cells
b.Afferent arteriole muscle
c.Skeletal muscle
d.Coronary arteriole

Back 48

C. Skeletal muscle
CORRECT!!
-β2 receptors (which are present in skeletal muscle) have an affinity for epinephrine.

Front 49

All autonomic pathways consist of two neurons in __________. The first is called _________, and it originates __________.

a.parallel; the postganglionic neuron; in the CNS
b.series; the postganglionic neuron; outside the CNS
c.parallel; the autonomic ganglion; outside the CNS
d.series; the preganglionic neuron; in the CNS

Back 49

D. series; the preganglionic neuron; in the CNS

Front 50

Most sympathetic pathways originate in the __________ of the spinal cord, whereas most parasympathetic pathways originate in the __________.

a.brain stem and lumbar region; sacral region and thoracic region
b.brain stem; sacral region
c.lumbar region; thoracic region
d.thoracic and lumbar regions; sacral region and brain stem

Back 50

D. thoracic and lumbar regions; sacral region and brain stem

Front 51

The synapse between a postganglionic autonomic neuron and its target cell is called a __________. Autonomic postganglionic axons end with a series of swollen areas called __________.
a.neuromuscular junction; varicosities
b.neuroeffector junction; varicosities
c.neuromuscular junction; chromaffin cells

d.neuroeffector junction; chromaffin cells

Back 51

B. neuroeffector junction; varicosities

Front 52

Increased parasympathetic stimulation ________.
a.causes urinary retention
b.increases insulin secretion.
c.dilates lung bronchioles
d.dilates the pupils of the eye
e.increases heart rate

Back 52

B. increases insulin secretion.