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66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Functions of cardiovascular system:
To deliver what 4 things throughout body? |
1. oxygen
2. nutrients 3. hormones 4. waste transport |
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Electrical impulses of the heartbeat originate in the _______________.
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SA node
(sinoatrial node) |
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Heart rate is controlled primarily by the autonomic nervous system:
1. Stimulation of parasympathetic NS _______ HR. 2. Stimulation of sympathetic NS _______ HR. |
1. slows HR
2. increases HR |
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Heart Rhythm:
_________ is contraction of heart chambers _________ is relaxation of heart chambers |
systole
diastole |
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Normal heart beat is called ________ _________ _____________.
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normal sinus rhythm
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In an arrhythmia, the HR _________________.
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Goes up
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Workload of the heart is divided into ___________ and _____________.
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preload
afterload |
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What is preload?
What is after load? |
The volume of blood entering the RIGHT side of the heart
The force needed to PUSH the blood out of the ventricles |
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If the heart is not properly working, it can compensate in several ways.
Name 4: |
1. enlarge itself
2. increase HR 3. increase stroke volume 4. increase efficiency |
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What are the 3 major types of vessels?
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1. arteries
2. veins 3. capillaries |
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An artery is a blood vessel that carries blood ____________________ the heart.
Veins are low-pressure collecting systems that carry blood _____________________ the heart. Capillaries are single-cell-thick vessels that connect the ______________ and ____________ systems. |
1. away from
2. back to 3. arterial and venous |
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Blood pressure flows from areas of _____________ pressure to areas of __________ pressure.
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high
low |
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Blood pressure is determined by what 3 things?
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1. stroke volume
2. heart rate 3. peripheral vascular resistance |
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Blood supplies the body with what 3 things?
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1. oxygen
2. nutrients 3. various chemicals |
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What else does blood transport?
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waste
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Blood cells also play an important role in the ______________ and _____________ systems.
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immune
endocrine |
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Cardiovascular Conditions:
__________________ is a syndrome that can occur with any disorder that overworks or damages the heart muscle. |
Congestive heart failure
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Cardiovascular Conditions:
Conditions that lead to congestive heart failure: (3) |
1. cardiomyopathy
(caused by infections, genetics, or degeneration) 2. hypertension 3. valvular disease (pressure, endocarditis, genetic disorders) |
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Cardiovascular Conditions:
Cardiac arrhythmia is a disruption in the cardiac ______________ or ____________. |
rate
rhythm |
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Cardiovascular Conditions:
Arrhythmias interfere with the _________ of the heart and can disrupt _________ ____________. |
work
cardiac output |
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Cardiovascular Conditions:
Cardiac arrhythmias can be caused by: (3) |
1. changes in the RATE
2. stimulation from an ectopic focus 3. alterations in conduction of the muscle |
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Cardiovascular Conditions:
These changes (that cause cardiac arrhythmias) can be caused by: (5 things) |
1. electrolyte disturbance
2. decrease in O2 delivered to cells 3. structural damage 4. accumulation of waste products 5. acidosis |
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Cardiovascular Disease:
Alterations in blood pressure may result in what two conditions? |
1. hypertension
2. hypotension |
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Cardiovascular Disease:
Hypertension results in _____________ __________ put on the vessels of the vascular system... Leads to thickening of the ________ ____________. |
prolonged force
left ventricle (pushing against higher pressure) Right side only pushes blood to lungs...left has to pump it to entire body |
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Cardiovascular Disease:
Hypotension results in the tissues of the body __________________________________. It allows _________ products to accumulate and cells to die from lack of ________. |
not receiving sufficient amounts of O2
waste O2 |
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Cardiovascular Drugs:
What are the 3 main types (can be either positively or negatively charged? |
1. Inotropic
2. Chronotropic 3. Dromotropic |
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Inotropic drugs affect the ___________________.
Chronotropic drugs affect _____ by altering _____________________________. Dromotropic drugs affect ________________ of electrical impulses. |
1. force of myocardial contraction
2. heart rate / rate of impulse formation at SA node 3. conduction |
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Cardiovascular Drugs:
Inotropic: Positive Inotropic drugs increase the force of ______________ ______________. Negative Inotropic drugs ______________ the force. |
myocardial contraction
decrease |
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Cardiovascular Drugs:
Chronotropic Positive Chronotropic drugs increase __________ ____________ by altering the ___________ of impulse formation at the ______________. |
heart rate SA node |
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Negative Chronotropic drugs ___________ HR by altering the rate of _____________ ____________ at the SA node.
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decrease
impulse formation |
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Cardiovascular Drugs:
Dromotropic drugs: Positive dromotropic drugs increase the ______________ of electrical impulses Negative dromotropic drugs ____________. |
conduction
decrease the conduction of electrical impulses |
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Ionotropic drugs have to do with:
Chronotropic drugs deal with: Dromotropic drugs are related to: |
1. muscle contraction
2. rate of impulse formation @ SA node 3. conduction |
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Increasing Force:
Increasing the force of contraction ___________ the heart rate. |
slows
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Increasing Force:
Positive Inotropes: name 2 |
1. Cardiac glycosides
2. Catecholamines |
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Increasing Force:
Cardiac glycosides: 1. ______________ strength of cardiac contractions. 2. ____________ heart rate 3. Have an __________________ effect. 4. Decrease signs of __________________. |
1. Increase
2. Decrease / slow 3. anti-arrhytmia 4. dyspnea |
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Increasing Force:
Side effects of Cardiac glycosides (4) |
1. anorexia
2. vomiting 3. diarrhea 4. cardia arrhythmias |
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Increasing Force:
2 Examples of Positive Intotropic Cardiac glycosides: |
1. digoxin
2 digitoxin **slow and steady |
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Increasing Force:
Increasing Force: Catecholamines: 1. Increase the __________ and ___________ of myocardial contraction. 2. _________________ peripheral blood vessels. 3. _________________ blood glucose levels. |
1. force / rate
2. Constrict 3. Increase |
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Increasing Force:
Catecholamines basically do what to the heart? |
jump start
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Increasing Force:
Name 4 Catecholamines |
1. epinephrine
2. dopamine 3. dobutamine 4. isoproterenol |
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Increasing Force:
Benzimidazole-pyridazinones: 1. Increase the force of __________. 2. Cause ________________ of the blood vessels. |
1. contractions
2. widening (vasodilation) |
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Increasing Force:
Benzimidazole-pyridazinones: Side effects include (4): |
1. anorexia
2. diarrhea 3. lethargy 4. dypsnea |
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Fixing the Rhythm:
Anti-arrhythmic Drugs: 1. Are used to correct variation in the _____________________________ (which can lead to reduced cardiac output). |
1. normal beating of the heart
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Fixing the Rhythm:
Anti-arrhythmic Drugs: Types: (5) |
1. local anesthetics
2. membrane stabilizers 3. beta-adrenergic blockers 4. action potential prolongation drugs 5. calcium channel blockers |
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Correcting Constriction:
Vasodilators Drugs used to ___________ arteries and veins. This alleviates vessel _________ and improves _______________ _____________. |
1. dilate
2. constriction / cardiac output |
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Correcting Constriction:
Vasodilators Examples: (4 types) |
1. angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors
2. arteriole dilators 3. venodilators 4. combined vasodilators |
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Correcting Constriction:
Calcium channel blockers are used to treat what two conditions? Calcium channel blockers inhibit the movement of calcium through the __________________ cell membrane and vascular _____________ muscle. |
1. CHF + hypertension
2. myocardial 3. smooth |
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Correcting Constriction:
Calcium Channel Blockers: 1. __________ the force of cardiac contractions. 2. Side effects include what two things? |
1. Decrease
2. hypotension / anorexia |
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Correcting Constriction:
Calcium Channel blockers - in a nutshell, what do they do? |
decrease muscle contraction
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Losing Fluid
Diuretics: drugs that ___________ the volume of urine excreted by kinds and thus promote the release of water from the _____________. |
increase
tissues |
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Losing Fluid
Diuretics ______________ the fluid volume in tissue. |
lower
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Losing Fluid:
1. Diuretics are used in the treatment of ______________. |
hypertension
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Losing Fluid:
Diuretics - Name 5 categories of: |
1. thiazides
2. loop diuretics 3. potassium-sparing diuretics 4. osmotics 5. carbonic anhydrase inhibitors |
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Clot Stopping:
Anticoagulants - 1. Inhibit clot formation by ________________ one or more clotting factors. |
inactivating
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Clot Stopping:
Anticoagulants - Name 4 uses: |
1. to inhibit clotting in catheters
2. to prevent blood samples from clotting 3. to preserve blood transfusions 4. to treat emboli |
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Clot Stopping:
Anticoagulants - Examples of these drugs (5) |
1. EDTA
2. heparin 3. coumarin 4. aspirin 5. blood transfusion anticoagulants |
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Clot Stopping:
1. Clopidogrel bisulfate is an __________ platelet aggregation inhibitor. 2. It may prevent thrombi in ___________. (Species) 3. Improves _____________ in _____________ following an embolic event. 4. Side effects are ____________________ in nature and include __________ & __________. |
1. oral
2. cats 3. circulation / cats 4. gastrointestinal / vomiting & anorexia |
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Bleeding Control:
Hemostatic Drugs - 1. Help promote ____________ of blood. 2. May be given __________ or ______________. |
1. clotting
2. parenterally / topically |
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Bleeding Control:
Hemostatic drugs - 1. Parental Drugs - Give 2 examples. |
1. Vitamin K
2. Protamine sulfate |
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Bleeding Control:
Hemostatic drugs - Topical drugs - give 4 examples |
1. silver nitrate
2. hemostat powder 3. gelfoam gelatin sponges 4. thrombogen topical thrombin solution |
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Blood-Enhancing Drugs
1. Affect ______________ or _____________ of RBCs. 2. Examples: (2) |
1. production / quality
2. erythropoietin, iron |
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If animal has kidney failure, why would you see anemia?
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Because kidneys produce erythropoietin, which is involved with making red blood cells.
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Blood-Enhancing drugs:
Erythropoietin is a ___________ made by the kidneys that stimulates the differentiation of ___________ ____________ stem cells to form _______________. |
protein
bone marrow RBCs |
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What can be used to treat anemia in animals with chronic kidney failure?
What is sometimes seen as a side effect of this treatment? Erythropoietin must be ___________________. |
erythropoietin
allergic reactions refrigerated |
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Blood-Enhancing
1. What is another name for Vitamin B12? 2. Are oral forms appropriate for small animals? |
1. Cyanocobalamine
2. NO |
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Blood-Enhancing
1. Folic Acid is a _______-Vitamin needed for normal _____________________. 2. May be seen in what three species due to small intestinal disease? 3. Side effects? |
1. B-vitamin / erythropoiesis
2. dogs, cats, horses 3. very few side effects |