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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
vitamins
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organic compounds vital to life and indispensable to body function, but only needed in small amounts
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precursors, provitamins
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compounds that can be converted into active vitamins
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properties of vitamins
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essential micronutrient, organic, non-caloric, most help regulate rxns as coenzymes
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2 classes of vitamins
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fat soluble and water soluble
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the fat soluble vitamins
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vitamins A, D, E, and K
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fat soluble vitamins are absorbed with ____ and transported via ___
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fat, lipoproteins
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are excess fat soluble vitamins excreted in urine?
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no
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overdoses of fat soluble vitamins can cause this
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toxicity
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length of time leading to deficiency of fat soluble vitamins
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longer
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these vitamins are water soluble
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B complex vitamins and Vitamin C
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absorbed ____ into the bloodstream (except B12 which needs ____)
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directly, intrinsic factor
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are water soluble vitamins stored in the body?
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not really
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water soluble vitamins are usually not toxic unless ___
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high doses are consumed
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excess water soluble vitamins are _____
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excreted in urine
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frequency of water soluble vitamins needed in order to prevent deficiency
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regular supply
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characteristics of fat soluble vitamins
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require bile for absorption, stored in fatty tissues, deficiencies caused by malabsorption disesases
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retinoids
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(retinol) preformed vitamin A, antioxidant functions, can be toxic
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carotenoids
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(beta carotene) vitamin A precursor from plant products that is converted if necessary, antioxidant functions
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functions of Vitamin A
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visual abilities, cell growth & reproduction, immunity, epithelial tissue
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Vitamin A deficiency
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often seen in developing countries; blindness, infections, growth defects, exhaustion, death
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Vitamin A toxicity
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skin rashes, hair loss, hemorrhages, bone abnormalities & fractures, yellow skin, birth defects, liver failure, death
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food sources of Vitamin A
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milk, carrots, sweet potatoes, spinach and green leafy vegetables, liver, apricots
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vitamin received from sun exposure
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Vitamin D
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functions of Vitamin D
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maintains calcium levels, bone mineralization and regrowth; works in brain, heart, skin, reproductive organs
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Rickets
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vitamin D deficiency in children; bones are too weak to support the body, bowing out of legs, knock knees, beaded ribs
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Osteomalacia
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vitamin D deficiency in adults, softening of bones, leads to fractures
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vitamin D toxicity
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most potentially toxic; extra calcium deposits where it doesn't belong (soft tissue), excessive thirst, headache, nausea
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food sources of vitamin D
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milk, salmon, shrimp, enriched foods
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tocopherol
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vitamin E
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functions of vitamin E
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works as an antioxidant to stop free radicals from destroying cell components, helps nerve development and immune system
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vitamin E deficiency
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very rare; erythrocyte hemolysis in preemies or fat malabsorption; impaired vision/speech, loss of muscle coordination
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vitamin E toxicity
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interferes with vitamin K and anticoagulation
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food sources of vitamin E
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safflower oil, canola oil, sunflower seeds, wheat germ
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functions of vitamin K
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synthesis of blood clotting proteins (prothrombin) and bone proteins
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vitamin K deficiency
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due to long term antibiotic use or in newborn babies; hemorrhage, abnormal bone formation
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vitamin K toxicity
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sometimes seen in infants or pregnant women; opposes effects of anti-clotting meds, jaundice
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sources of vitamin K
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50% comes from the intestinal tract; cabbage, cauliflower, spinach, canola oil, soybeans, lettuce
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B - complex vitamins
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Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Folate, B12, B6 (Pyridoxine), Biotin, Panothenic Acid
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reason to take extra water soluble vitamins
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NONE, excreted in urine anyway
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functions of vitamin C
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produces and maintains collagen, enhances immune response, thyroxine regulation/production, helps produce carnitene (transports fatty acid), iron absorption
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are vitamin C claims accurate?
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mostly not
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Scurvy
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vitamin C deficiency, often seen in elderly, smokers, alcoholics, drug addicts, infants only fed cow's milk
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symptoms of vitamin C deficiency
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***
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vitamin C toxicity
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altered insulin response to carbs, nausea, abdominal cramps, diarrhea, extreme gas, drug rxns
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food sources of vitamin C
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fresh fruits and veggies; orange juice, red and green peppers, broccoli, brussel sprouts, citrus fruits, sweet potato, strawberries
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B vitamins are
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coenzymes
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