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137 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
____ _____-
* Contains no blood vessels or nerves * Surrounded by the perichondrium (dense irregular connective tissue) that resists outward expansion |
Skeletal Cartilage
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Name the three types of Skeletal Cartilage
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Hyaline, Elastic, and Fibrocartilage
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_____ cartilage
* Provides support, flexibility, and resilience |
Hyaline
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Is the most abundant skeletal cartilage
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Hyaline Cartilage
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What type of cartilage are these:
* Articular- covers the ends of long bones * Costal- connects the ribs to the sternum * Respiratory passages- makes up larynx, reinforces air passages * Nasal- supports the nose |
Hyaline Cartilage
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* Similar to hyaline cartilage, but contains elastic fibers
* found in the external ear and the epiglottis |
Elastic Cartilage
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* Highly compressed with great tensile strength
* Contains collagen fibers * Found in menisci of the knee and in intervertebral discs |
Fibrocartilage
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GROWTH OF CARTILAGE
_____- cells in the perichondrium secrete matrix against the external face of existing cartilage |
Appositional
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GROWTH OF CARTILAGE
_____- Lacunae-bound chondrocytes inside the cartilage divide and secrete new matrix, expanding the cartilag from within |
Interstitial
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______ of cartilage occurs
* During normal bone growth * During old age |
Calcification
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____ ____- bones of the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage
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Axial Skeleton
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The ____ skeleton consists of the 80 bones in the head and trunk of the human body
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Axial
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____ _____- bones of the upper and lower limbs, shoulder, and hip
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Appendicular Skeleton
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The ____ skeleton consists of 126 bones in the human body
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Appendicular
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____ bones- longer than they are wide (humerus)
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Long bones
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____ bones
* cube-shaped bones of the wrist and ankle * bones that form within tendons (patella) |
Short bones
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_____ bones-
thin, flattened, and a bit curved (sternum and most skull bones) |
Flat bones
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_____ bones-
bones with complicated shapes (vertebrae and hip bones) |
Irregular bones
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Name the functions of the bones
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Support
Protection Movement |
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FUNCTION OF BONES
____- form the framework that supports the body and cradles soft organs |
Support
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FUNCTION OF BONE
_____- Provide a protective case for the brain, spinal cord, and vital organs |
Protection
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FUNCTION OF BONE
_____- provide levers for muscles |
Movement
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FUNCTION OF BONES
____ ____- reservir for minerals, especially calcium and phosphorus |
Mineral storage
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____ _____ _____- hematopoiesis occurs within the marrow cavities of bones
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Blood cell formation
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* Bulges, depressions, and holes that serve as:
* Sites of attachment for muscles, ligaments, and tendons * Joint surfaces * Conduits for blood vessels and nerves |
Bone Markings
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Rounded projection
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Tuberosity
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Narrow, prominent ridge of bone
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Crest
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Large, blunt, irregular surface
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Trochanter
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Narrow ridge of bone
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Line
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Small rounded projection
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Tubercle
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raised area above a condyle
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epicondyle
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sharp, slender projection
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Spine
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any bony prominence
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Process
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bony expansion carried on a narrow neck
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Head
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smooth, nearly flat articular surface
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facet
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rounded articular projection (the knuckle of any joint, a round)
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Condyle
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armlike bar of bone
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Ramus
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Canal-like passageway (ear)
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Meatus
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cavity within a bone
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Sinus
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shallow, basin-like opening (one in eye socket)
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Fissure
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Round or oval opning through a bone (like in the chin)
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Foramen
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Dense outer layer
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Compact bone
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honeycomb of trabeculae filled with yellow bone marrow
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Spongy Bone
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____ bones consist of a diaphysis and an epiphysis
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Long
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* Tubular shaft that forms the axis of long bones
* Composed of compact bone that surrounds the medullary cavity * Yellow bone marrow (fat) is contained in the medullary cavity |
Diaphysis
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* Expands ends of long bones
* Exterior is compact bone, and the interior is spongy bone * Joint surface is covered with articular (hyaline) cartilage * Epiphyseal line separates the diaphysis from the epiphyses |
Epiphyses (structure of long bone)
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BONE MEMBRANES
____- double-layered protective membrane * outer fibrous layer is dnese regular connective tissue * Inner osteogenic layer is composed of osteoblasts and osteoclasts * Richly supplied with nerve fibers, blood, and lymphatic vessels, which enter the bone via nutrient foramina * Secured to underlying bone by Sharpey's fibers |
Periosteum
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BONE MEMBRANES
______- delicate membrane covering internal surfaces of bone. |
Endosteum
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Structure of Short, Irregular, and ____ bones
* Thin plates of periosteum-covered compact bone on the outside with endosteum-covered spongy bone (diploe) on the inside * Have no diaphysis or epiphyses * Contain bone marrow between the trabeculae |
Flat Bones
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LOCATION OF HEMATOPOIETIC TISSUE (RED MARROW)
* In ______ * Found in the medullary cavity and all areas of spongy bone. |
Infants
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LOCATION OF HEMATOPOIETIC TISSUE (RED MARROW)
* In _____ * Found in the diploe of flat bones, and the head of the femur and humerus |
Adults
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MICROSCOPIC STRUCTURE OF BONE: COMPACT BONE
_____ _____, or osteon- the structural unit of compact bone |
Haversian system
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MICROSCOPIC STRUCTURE OF BONE: COMPACT BONE
______- weight-bearing, column-like matrix tubes composed mainly of collagen |
Lamella
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MICROSCOPIC STRUCTURE OF BONE: COMPACT BONE
______, or central canal- central channel containing blood vessels and nerves |
Haversian
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_____ _____- channels lying at right angles to the central canal, connecting blood and nerve supply of the periosteum to that of the Haversian canal
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Volkmann's Canal
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MICROSCOPIC STRUCTURE OF BONE: COMPACT BONE
_____- Mature bone cells |
Osteocytes
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MICROSCOPIC STRUCTURE OF BONE: COMPACT BONE
_____- Small cavities in bone that contains osteocytes |
Lacunae
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MICROSCOPIC STRUCTURE OF BONE: COMPACT BONE
______- hairlike canals that connect lacuna to each other and the central canal |
Canaliculi
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Name the chemical composition of bone: Organic
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* Osteoblasts
* Osteocytes * Osteoclasts * Osteoid |
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Bone forming cells
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Osteoblasts (organic)
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Mature Bone cells
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Osteocytes (organic)
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Large cells that resorb or break down bone matrix
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Osteoclasts (organic)
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Unmineralized bone matrix composed of proteoglycans, glycoproteins, and collagen
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Osteoid (organic)
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CHEMICAL COMPOSTION OF BONE: _______
* Hydroxyapatites, or mineral salts * Sixty-five percent of bone by mass * Mainly calcium phosphates * Responsible for bone hardness and its resistance to compression |
Inorganic
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Bone Development
_____ and ______- the process of bone tissue formation, which leads to: * The fromation of the bony skeleton in embryos * None growth until early adulthood * Bone thickness, remodeling, and repair |
Osteogenesis and Ossification
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FORMATION OF THE ____ ____
* Begins at week 8 of embryo development * Intramembranous ossification- bone develops from a fibrous membrane * Endochondral ossification- bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage |
Bony Skeleton
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Formation of the bony skeleton bgins at week ___ of embryo development
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8
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____ ____- bone develops from a fibrous membrane
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Intramembranous ossification
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______ ______- bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage
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Endochondral ossification
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_____ _____
* formation of most of the flat bones ot the skull and the clavicles * Fibrous connective tissue membranes are formed by mesenchymal cells |
Intramembranous Ossification
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STAGES OF INTRAMEMBRANOUS ______
* An ossification center appears in the fibrous connective tissue membrane * Bone matrix is secreted within the fibrous membrane * Woven bone and peristeum form * Bone collar of compact bone forms, and red marrow appears |
Stages of Intramembranous Ossification (possible essay question)
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An ossification center appears in the fibroous connective tissue membrane. What stage of Intramembranous ossification is this?
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1st stage
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What stage of intramembranous ossification is this? Bone matrix (osteoid) is secreted within the fibrous membrane.
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2nd stage
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What stage of intramembranous ossification is this? Woven bone and periosteum form.
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3rd stage
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What stage of intramembranous ossification is this? Bone collar of compact bone forms and red marrow appears
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4th stage
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_____ _____
* Begins in the second month of development * Uses hyaline cartilage "bones" as models for bone construction * Requires breakdown of hyaline cartilage prior to ossification |
Endochondral Ossification
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Stages of Endochondral _____
* Formation of bone collar * Cavitation of the hyaline cartilage * Invasion of internal cavities by the periosteal bud, and spongy bone formation * Formation of the medullary cavity; appearance of secondary ossification centers in the epiphyses * Ossification of the epiphyses, with hyaline cartilage remaining only in the epiphyseal plates |
Ossification
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______ bone growth
* Growth in length of long bones * Cartilage on the side of the epiphyseal plate closest to the epiphysis is relatively inactive * Cartilage abutting the shaft of the bone organizes into a pattern that allows fast, efficient growth * Cells of the epiphyseal plate proximal to the resting cartilage form three functionally different zones: growth, transformation, and osteogenic |
Postnatal
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FUNCTIONAL ZONES IN LONG BONE GROWTH
* ____ zone - cartilage cells undergo mitosis, pushing the epiphysis away form the diaphysis |
Growth Zone
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FUNTIONAL ZONES IN LONG BONE GROWTH
_______ zone - older cells enlarge, the matrix becomes calcified, cartilage cells die, and the matrix begins to deteriorate. |
Transformation zone
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FUNCTIONAL ZONES IN LONG BONE GROWTH
_____ zone- new bone formation occurs |
Osteognenic zone
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_____ in _____ - cartilage continually grows and is replaced by bone.
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Growth in length
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______- Bone is resorbed and added by appositional growth as shown
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Remodeling
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During infancy and childhood, wpiphyseal plate activity is stimulated by ____ hormone
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Growth
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During puberty, ____ and ____:
* Initially promote adolescent growth spurts * Cause masculinization and feminization of specific parts of the skeleton * Later induce epiphyseal plate closure, ending longitudinal bone growth |
Testosterone and Estrogen
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____ units- adjacent osteoblasts and osteoclasts deposit and resorb bone at periosteal and endosteal surfaces.
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Remodeling
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_____ _____
* Occurs where bone is injured or added strength is needed * Requires a diet rich in protein, vitamins C, D, and A, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and manganese * Alkaline phosphatase is essential for mineralization of bone. |
Bone Deposition
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_____ ____ is essential for mineralization of bone
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Alkaline phosphatase
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____ ____
* Sites of new matrix depostion are revealed by the: * Osteoid seam- unmineralized band of bone matrix * Cacification front- abrupt transition zone between the osteoid seam and the older mineralized bone |
Bone Deposition
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____ _____- unmineralized band of bone matrix
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Osteoid Seam
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______ _____ - abrupt transition zone between the osteoid seam and the older mineralized bone
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Calcification front
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Bone resorption is accomplished by ____
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Osteoclasts
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BONE RESORPTION
____ ____- grooves formed by osteoclasts as they break down bone matrix |
Resorption Bays
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_____ involves osteoclast secretion of:
* Lysosomal enzymes that digest organic matrix * Acids that convert calcium salts into soluble forms (eat away) |
Resorption
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____ ____
Dissoved matrix is transcytosed across the osteoclast's cell where it is secreted into the interstitial fluid and then into the blood. |
Bone Resorbtion
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_____ is necessary for:
* Transmission of nerver impulses * Muscle contraction * Blood coagulation * Secretion by glands and nerve cells * Cell Division |
Calcium
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Two control loops regulate ___ ____
* Hormonal mechanism maintains calcium homeostasis in the blood * Mechanical and gravitational forces acting on the skeleton |
Bone Remodeling
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_____ _____
* Rising blood Ca2+ levels trigger the thyroid to release calcitonin * Calcitonin stimulates calcium salt deposit in bone * Falling blood Ca2+ levels signal the parathyroid glands to release PTH * PTH signals osteoclasts to degrade bone matrix and release Ca2+ into the blood. |
Hormonal Mechanism
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Rising blood Ca2+ levels trigger the thyroid to release ____
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Calcitonin
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_____ stimulates calcium salt deposit in bone
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Calcitonin
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Falling blood Ca2+ levels signal the parathyroid glands to release _____
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PTH
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PTH signals osteoclasts to degrade bone matrix and release _____ in the blood
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Ca2+
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RESPONSE TO MECHANICAL STRESS
____ ____ - a bone grows or remodels in response to the forces or demands placed upon it. |
Wolff's Law
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Observations supporting ___ ___ include
* Long bones are thickest midway along the shaft (where bending stress is greatest) * Curved bones are thickest where they are most likely to buckle. |
Wolff's Law
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RESPONSE TO MECHANICAL STRESS
_____ form along lines of stress |
trabeculae
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Large, bony projections occur where heavy, active muscles attach is the response to ____ ____
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Mechanical stress
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Bone _____ are classified by:
* The postion of the bone ends after fracture * The completeness of the break * The orientation of the bone to the long axis * Whether or not the bones ends penetrate the skin. |
Fractures
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_____ bone ends retain their normal position
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Nondisplaced
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______- bone ends are out of normal alignment
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Displaced
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bone is broken all the way through
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Complete
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bone is not broken all the way through
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Incomplete
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the fracture is parallel to the long axis of the bone
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Linear
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the fracture is perpendicular to the long axis of the bone
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Transverse
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bone ends penetrate the skin
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Compound (open)
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bone ends do not penetrate the skin
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Simple (closed)
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bone fragments into three or more pieces; common in the elderly
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Comminuted
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ragged break when bone is excessively twisted; common sports injury
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Spiral
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broken bone portion pressed inward; typical skull fracture
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Depressed
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bone is crushed; common in porous bones
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Compression
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epiphysis separates from diaphysis along epiphyseal line; occurs where cartilage cells are dying (legs may be uneven)
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Epiphyseal
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incomplete fracture where one side of the bone breaks and the other side bends; common in children
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Essay Question
Stages in the healing of a bone fracture 1. Hematoma formation 2. Site becomes Swollen, painful, and inflamed 3. Fibrocartilaginous callus forms |
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Stages in the healing of a ____ _____
* Hematoma formation * Torn blood vessels hemorrhage * A mass of clotted blood (hematoma) forms at the fracture site * Site becomes swollen, painful, and inflamed. * Fibrocartilaginous callus forms * Granulation tissue (soft callus) forms a few days after the fracture * Capillaries grow into the tissue and phagocytic cells begin cleaning debris * |
Stages in the Healing of a Bone fracture
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The ______ callus forms when:
* osteoblasts and fibroblasts migrate to the fracture and begin reconstructing the bone * Fibroblasts secrete collagen fibers that connect broken bone ends * Osteoblasts begin forming spongy bone * Osteoblasts furthest from capillaries secrete an externally bulging cartilaginous matrix that later calcifies |
Fibrocartilaginous
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Bony ____ formation
* New bone trabeculae appear in the fibrocartilaginous callus * Fibrocartilaginous callus converts into a bony (hard) callus * Bone callus bgins 3-4 weeks after injury, and continues until firm union is formed 2-3 months later |
Bony Callus
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* Excess material on the bone shaft exterior and in th medullary canal is removed
* Compact bone is laid down to reconstruct shaft walls |
Bone Remodeling
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* Bones are inadequately mineralized causing softened, weakened bones
* Main symptom is pain when weight is put on the affected bone * Caused by insufficient calcium in the diet, or by vitamin D deficiency |
Osteomalacia
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* Bones of children are inadequately mineralized causing softened, weakened bones
* Bowed legs and deformities of the pelvis, skull, and rib cage are common * Caused by insufficient calcium in the diet, or by vitamin D deficiency |
Rickets
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____ can result from insufficient vitamin D in the diet or from insufficient amounts of ultraviolet radiation from the sun. ____ can lead to skeletal deformation, such as vertebral or leg curvature. This X ray reveals bone deformation due to ____.
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Rickets
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Isolated cases of _____
* ____ has been essentially eliminated in the US * only isolated cases appear * Example: Infants of breastfeeding mothers deficient in vitamin D will also be vitamin D deficient and develop ____ |
Rickets
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* Group of diseases in which bone reabsorption outpaces bone deposit
* Spongy bone of the spine is most vulnerable * Occurs most often in postmenopausal woman * Bones become so fragile that sneezing or stepping off a curb can cause fractures. |
Osteoporosis
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______: Treatment
* calcium and vitamin D supplements * increased weight-bearing exercise * hormone (estrogen) replacement therapy (HRT) slows bone loss * Natural progesterone cream prompts new bone growth * Statins increase bone mineral density |
Osteoporosis
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_____ Disease
* Characterized by excessive bone formation and breakdown * Pagetic bone with an excssively high ratio of woven to compact bone is formed * Pagetic bone, along with reduced mineralization, cases spotty weakening of bone * Osteoclast activity wanes, but osteoblast activity continues to work. |
Paget's Disease
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* Usually localized in the spine, pelvis, femur, and skull
* Unknow cause (possibly viral) * Treatment included the drugs Didronate and Fosamax * ____ ____ is estimated to affect 3% of people over 40. * More prevalent in some areas, such as in Europe and Australia |
Paget's Disease
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Developemental Aspects of ____
* Mesoderm gives rise to embyonic mesenchymal cells, which produce membranes and cartilages that form the embryonic skeleton * The embryonic skeleton ossifies in a predictable timetable that allows fetal age to be easily determined from sonograms * At birth, most long bones are well ossified (except for their epiphyses) |
Bones
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By ag of ____, nearly all bones are completely ossified
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25
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In old age, bone ____ predominates
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Resorption
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A single gene that codes for vitamin ___ docking determines both the tendency to accumulate bone mass early in life, and the risk for osteoporosis later in life.
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D
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