Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
23 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
acetyl coenzyme A |
the entry compound for the citric acid cycle in cellular respiration; formed a two-carbon fragment of pyruvate attached to a coenzyme |
|
alcohol fermentation |
glycosis followed by the reduction of pyruvate to ethyl alcohol, regenerating NAD+ and releasing carbon dioxide |
|
ATP synthase |
a cluster of several membrane proteins that function in chemiosmosis with adjacent electron transport chains, using the energy of a hydrogen ion concentration gradient to make ATP |
|
cellular respiration |
the aerobic harvesting of energy from food molecules; the energy-releasing chemical breakdown of food molecules, such as glucose, and the storage of potential energy in a form that cells can use to perform work; involves glycosis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation (the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis) |
|
chemiosmosis |
an energy coupling mechanism that uses the energy of hydrogen ion gradients across membranes to drive cellular work, such as the phosphorylation of ADP; powers most synthesis in cells |
|
citric acid cycle |
the chemical cycle that completes the metabolic breakdown of glucose molecules begun in glycosis by oxidizing acetyl CoA (derived from pyruvate) to carbon dioxide. The cycle occurs in the matrix of mitochondria and supplies most of the NADH molecules that carry electrons to the electron transport chains. Together with pyruvate oxidation, the second major stage of cellular respiration. |
|
electron transport chain |
a series of electron carrier molecules that shuttle electrons during a series of redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP; located in the inner membrane of mitochondria, the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts, and the plasma membranes of prokaryotes |
|
glycosis |
a series of reactions that ultimately splits glucose into two molecules of pyruvate; the first stage of cellular respiration in all organisms; occurs in the cytosol |
|
intermediates |
one of the compounds that form between the initial reaction and the final product in a metabolic pathway, such as between glucose and pyruvate in glycosis |
|
kilocalorie |
a quantity of heat equal to 1,000 calories. Used to measure the energy content of food, it is usually called a "calorie" |
|
lactic acid fermentation |
glycosis followed by the reduction of pyruvate to lactate, regenerating NAD+ |
|
NAD+ |
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; a coenzyme that can accept electrosn during the redox reactions of cellular metabolism. It cycles between oxidized (NAD) and reduced (NADH) states |
|
oxidation |
the loss of electrons from a substance involved in a redox reaction; always accompanies reduction |
|
oxidative phosphorylation |
the production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reations of an electron transport chain; the third major stage of cellular respiration |
|
redox reaction |
short for reduction-oxidation reaction; a chemical reaction in which electrons are lost from one substance (oxidation) to another (reduction) |
|
reduction |
the gain of electrons by a substance involved in the redox reaction; always coupled with oxidation |
|
substrate-level phosphorylation |
the formation of ATP by an enzyme directly transferring a phosphate group to ADP from an organic molecule (for example, one of the intermediates in glycosis in the citric acid cycle) |
|
aero- |
air |
|
chemi- |
chemical |
|
de- |
without |
|
-hydro |
water |
|
glyco- |
sweet |
|
-lysis |
split |