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95 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
True or false: animals are multicellular |
true |
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True or false: animal cells have cells walls |
false they lack cell walls |
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True or false: animal cells are flexible |
true |
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What gives animal cells structural support? |
Extra Cellular Matrix (ECM) (forms strong fibers outside the cell) |
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What 3 cell junctions play an important role in holding animal cells in place and allowing communication between cells? |
-anchoring junctions -tight junctions -gap junctions |
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True or false: animals are autotrophs |
false animals are heterotrophs |
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3 different modes of feeding among animals: |
1) suspension feeding - filtering food out of the surrounding water 2) bulk feeding - eating large food pieces (such as carnivores and herbivores) 3) fluid feeding - sucking plant sap or animal body fluids |
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True or false: Muscle tissue is unique to animals |
true |
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True or false: all members of the animal kingdom reproduce sexually |
false (certain insects, fish, and lizard species can reproduce asexually) |
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Is internal fertilization more common in terrestrial or aquatic species? |
terrestrial |
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Is external fertilization more common in terrestrial or aquatic species? |
aquatic |
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Metamorphosis: |
process by which an organism changes from a juvenile to an adult form (thought to reduce competition for food between juveniles and adults) |
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True or false: metamorphosis is common in arthropods |
true |
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True or false: The first animals to evolve were invertebrates |
true |
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What Eon did the first multicellular animals emerge? |
the end of the Protozoic eon |
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During the Cambrian explosion (533-525 mya), an abundance of animal phyla appeared, including: (common names, not scientific) |
-sponges -jellyfish -corals -flatworms -mollusks -annelid worms -the first arthropods -echinoderms |
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Three proposed reasons why there was a sudden increase in animal life during the Cambrian explosion: |
1) favorable environment (warm and wet) with increasing oxygen levels and an ozone layer that blocked out harmful UV rays 2) evolution of Hox gene allowed for variation 3) evolution of new predators caused their prey to develop adaptations to help them avoid their predators; "arms race" |
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What were the first vertebrates? |
fish |
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True or false: Fish appeared roughly the same time as the first land plants invaded land |
true |
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When did the first vertebrates (fish) and the first land plants appear? |
around 520 mya |
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For colonization of land to occur, certain animal species had to develop what adaptations to enable them to breathe, move, and reproduce? |
-lungs -a bony skeleton -internal fertilization |
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What period did the amniotic egg appear? |
Carboniferous period |
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Amniotic egg: |
egg that had a tough protective shell to prevent drying out |
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The amniotic egg was responsible for the success of what animal species? |
the reptiles |
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True or false: Mammals appeared at the same time as dinosaurs |
true the number and diversity of mammals exploded only after the dinosaurs died out |
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True or false: Biologists believe the Kingdom Animalia is monophyletic (all evolved from a common ancestor) |
true |
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Scientists recognize how many animal phyla? |
about 35 |
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Animal diversity is classified by what three morphological and developmental features of animal body plans? |
1) presence or absence of different tissue types 2) type of body symmetry 3) specific features of embryonic development |
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Collectively, animals are known as _______. |
Metazoa |
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Metazoa are divided into what two subgroups? |
-Parazoa (don't possess specialized tissue types or rogans) -Eumetazoa (have one or more types of tissue and organs) |
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Parazoa: |
-don't possess specialized tissue types or organs, although they have several distinct types of cells that can change their shape and location -consists of a single phylum, Porifera (sponges) |
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Eumetazoa: |
-have one or more types of tissue and different types of organs (a collection of two or more tissues performing a specific function or set of functions) |
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True or false: Eumetazoa are divided according to their type of symmetry |
true |
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Radiata: |
-radially symmetric animals -can be divided equally by any longitudinal plane passing through the central axis -these animals are usually circular or tubular in shape |
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Bilateria: |
-bilaterally symmetric animals -can be divided along a vertical plane at the midline to create two halves (left side and right side that are mirror images) |
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Parazoa or Eumetazoa? |
Parazoa (no tissue types) |
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Parazoa or Eumetazoa? |
Eumetazoa |
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What type of symmetry? |
Radiata |
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Parazoa or Eumetazoa? |
Eumetazoa |
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What type of symmetry? |
Bilateria |
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Dorsal side: |
upper side |
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Ventral side: |
lower side |
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Anterior end: |
head |
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Posterior end: |
tail |
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Cephalization: |
the localization of sensory structures at the anterior end of the body |
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True or false: the dorsal and ventral sides are identical |
false the left and right sides are identical (symmetrical) |
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How many germ layers do radial animals have? |
two |
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How many germ layers do bilateral animals have? |
three |
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In all animals except sponges, the growing embryo develops different layers of cells during a process called __________. |
gastrulation |
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Cleavage: |
mitotic cell divisions of the zygote |
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Blastula: |
hollow sphere of cells (produced by cleavage) |
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Gastrula: |
created when an area in the blastula folds inward
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Endoderm: |
inner layer of cells (lines the archenteron) |
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Archenteron: |
the primitive digestive tract |
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Ectoderm: |
outer layer of cells (covers the surface of the embryo) |
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Mesoderm: |
third layer of cells between the ectoderm and the endoderm (forms the muscles and most other organs) |
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Because Bilateria have three germ layers (ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm), they are often referred to as ___________. |
triploblastic |
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Because Radiata have two germ layers (ectoderm, endoderm), they are often referred to as ___________. |
diploblastic |
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A) What is this structure called? |
Gastrula |
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1 |
endoderm |
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2 |
archenternon |
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3 |
ectoderm |
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4 |
mesoderm |
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5 |
blastopore |
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1 |
zygote |
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2 (on there twice) |
cleavage |
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3 |
8-cell stage |
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4 |
Blastula |
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5 |
Gastrulation |
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6 |
Gastrula |
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What is this process called? |
formation of germ layers for Radiata and Bilateria (only difference is Radiata don't form mesoderm) |
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In protostomes, the blastopore becomes the ______. |
mouth (if an anus is formed, it develops from a secondary opening) |
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In deuterostomes, the blastopore becomes the ______. |
anus (if a mouth is formed, it develops from a secondary opening) |
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Determinate cleavage: |
-protostome development -the fate of each embryo is determined early; if one of the cells is removed from a four cell protostome embryo, none will become embryos |
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Indeterminate cleavage: |
-deuterostome development -each cell produced by early cleavage retains the ability to develop into an embryo; if one cell is removed from a four cell deuterostome embryo, the remaining three can go on to become embryos because other embryonic cells compensate for the missing cell -ex: in human embryos, if individual embryonic cells separate early in development, identical twins can result |
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In the developing zygote, what two types of cleavage may occur? |
-spiral cleavage -radial cleavage |
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Spiral Cleavage: (aka spiralians) |
-the planes of cell cleavage are oblique to the vertical axis of the embryo, resulting in newly formed upper cells laying centered between underlying cells -many protostomes, for example mollusks and annelid worms |
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Radial Cleavage: |
-the cleavage planes are either parallel or perpendicular to the vertical axis of the egg, resulting in tiers of cells one directly above the other -all deuterostomes, and also insects and nematodes |
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Spiral or Radial Cleavage? |
Radial |
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Determinate or Indeterminate Cleavage? |
Indeterminate |
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Protostome or Deuterostome? |
Deuterostome |
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Spiral or Radial Cleavage? |
Spiral |
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Protostome or Deuterostome? |
Protostome |
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Determinate or Indeterminate Cleavage? |
Determinate |
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Coelomates: |
Animals with a true coelom (a body cavity completely lined with mesoderm) |
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Pseudocoelomates: |
Animals with a pseudocoelom (a fluid-filled cavity not completely lined by tissue derived from mesoderm) |
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Acoelomates: |
Animals that lack a fluid-filled body cavity. Instead, the region contains mesenchyme (a tissue derived from mesoderm) |
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Functions of the coelom: (4) |
-its fluid cushions internal organs (heart, intestinal tract) helping to prevent injury from external forces -enables internal organs to move and grow independently of the outer body wall -functions as a hydrostatic skeleton (a fluid filled body cavity surrounded by muscles that gives support and shape to the body of organisms; ex: earthworms) -in some organisms, acts as a simple circulatory system |
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What kind of body cavity is this? |
Acoelomate (ex- flatworm) |
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What kind of body cavity is this? |
Coelomate (ex- earthworm) |
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What kind of body cavity is this? |
Pseudocoelomate (ex- nematode) |
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What is the advantage of segmentation? |
it allows specialization of body regions |
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The site of the cervicothoracic boundary is influenced by which Hox gene? What does it control? |
the HoxC-6 gene controls neck length in vertebrates |
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Ecdysozoa |
-a new clade of molting animals consisting of the nematodes and arthropods -all members have an exoskeleton that they shed (molt) when they grow and it becomes too small. They secrete a new larger one -molting process os called ecdysis |
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Lophotrochozoa |
-a major protostome clade encompassing mollusks, annelids, and several other phyla -has a lophophore (crown of ciliated tentacles that generate a current to bring food particles in the mouth) -has a distinct larval stage called trochophore larva that has a band of cilia around its middle used for swimming |