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50 Cards in this Set
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Abundance of any particular allele among members of a population |
Allele Frequency |
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All the alleles of all the genes in a population; a pool of genetic resources. |
Gene Pool |
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Mutation that alters phenotype so drastically that it causes death. |
Lethal Mutation |
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Change in an allele's frequency in a population. |
Microevolution |
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A mutation that has no effect on survival or reproduction. |
Neutral Mutation |
Example: attached earlobes, freckles, red hair. |
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A group of organisms of the same species who live in a specific location and breed with one another more often than they breed with members of other populations. |
Population |
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Theoretical state in which an allele's frequency never changes in a population's gene pool. |
Genetic Equilibrium |
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Mode of natural selection in which phenotypes at one end of a range of variation are favored. |
Directional Selection |
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Mode of natural selection in which traits at the extremes of a range of variation are adaptive, and intermediate forms are not. |
Disruptive Selection |
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Mode of natural selection in which an intermediate form of a trait is adaptive, and extreme forms are not. |
Stabilizing Selection |
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Maintenance of two of more alleles of a gene at high frequency in a population. |
Balanced Polymorphism |
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Natural selection in which a trait's adaptive value depends on its frequency in a population. |
Frequency-dependent Selection |
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Difference in appearance between males and females of a species. |
Sexual Dimorphism |
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Mode of natural selection in which some individuals outreproduce others of a population because they are better at securing mates. |
Sexual Selection |
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Reduction in population size so severe that it reduces genetic diversity. |
Bottleneck |
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Refers to an allele for which all members of a population are homozygous. |
Fixed |
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After a small group of individuals found a new population, allele frequencies in the new population differ from those in the original population. |
Founder Effect |
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The movement of alleles into and out of a population. |
Gene Flow |
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Change in allele frequency due to chance alone. |
Genetic Drift |
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Mating among close relatives. |
Inbreeding |
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The end of gene flow between populations. |
Reproductive Isolation |
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Evolutionary process in which new species arise. |
Speciation |
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Speciation pattern in which a physical barrier ends gene flow between populations. |
Allopatric Speciation |
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Speciation pattern in which populations speciate while in contact along a common border. |
Parapatric Speciation |
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Speciation pattern in which speciation occurs within a population, in the absence of a physical barrier to gene flow. |
Sympatric Speciation |
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A burst of genetic divergences from a lineage gives rise to many new species. |
Adaptive Radiation |
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The joint evolution of two closely interacting species; each species is a selective agent for traits of the other. |
Coevolution |
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Evolutionary adaptation of an existing structure for a completely new purpose. |
Exaptation |
Feathers for flight are related to insulating feathers in dinosaurs. |
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Refers to a species that no longer has living members. |
Extinct |
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An evolutionary adaptation that gives its bearer the opportunity to exploit a particular environment much more efficiently or in a new way. |
Key Innovation |
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Large-scale evolutionary patterns and trends. |
Macroevolution |
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A macroevolutionary pattern in which a lineage persists with little or no change over evolutionary time. |
Stasis |
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Quantifiable, heritable chracteristic or trait. |
Character |
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A group whose members share one or more defining derived traits. |
Clade |
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Making hypotheses about evolutionary relationships among clades. |
Cladistics |
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Evolutionary tree diagram that shows evolutionary connections among a group of clades. |
Cladogram |
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A novel trait present in a clade but not in the clade's ancestors. |
Derived trait |
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Diagram showing evolutionary connections. |
Evolutionary Tree |
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An ancestor in which a derived trait evolved, together with all of its descendants. |
Monophyletic Group |
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Evolutionary history of a species or group of species. |
Phylogeny |
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The two lineages that emerge from a node on a cladogram. |
Sister Groups |
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List the 5 conditions that must be met to maintain genetic equilibrium. |
1. Population must be very large 2. No gene flow between populations 3. Mutations never occur 4. Mating is random 5. No natural selection. All individuals survive and reproduce the same number of offspring. |
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Mechanism of reproductive isolation in which individuals live in different places so they never meet up for sex. |
Ecological Isolation |
Example: two species of garter snake. One lives on land and the other in water. |
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Mechanism of reproductive isolation in which individuals reproduce at different times. |
Temporal Isolation |
Example: Different breeding seasons for the eastern spotted skunk and the western spotted skunk. |
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Mechanism of reproductive isolation in which individuals ignore or do not get the required cues for sex. |
Behavioral Isolation |
Example: elaborate courtship ritual specific to species, specific songs or displays. |
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Mechanism of reproductive isolation in which physical incompatibilities prevent individuals from interbreeding. |
Mechanical Isolation |
Example: different pollinators in plant species only fertilize certain plants species. |
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Mechanism of reproductive isolation in which molecular incompatibilities prevent gametes of a different species from forming a zygote. |
Gamete Incompatability |
Example: Incompatability of the surface proteins in gametes between red and purple sea urchins do not fuse. |
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Mechanism of reproductive isolation in which hybrid embryos die early or new individuals die before they can reproduce. |
Hybrid Inviability |
Example: ligers have more health problems and shorter life expectancy. |
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Mechanism of reproductive isolation in which hybrid individuals or their offspring do not make functional gametes. |
Hybrid Sterility |
Example: Mules cannot interbreed with one another. |
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An evolutionary adaptation that gives its bearer the opportunity to exploit a particular environment much more efficiently or in a new way. |
Key Innovation |
Example: the evolution of lungs. |