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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the "Five Rs" (Rights) of drug administration? |
1. Right patient 2. Right drug 3. Right dose 4. Right route 5. Right time (frequency) |
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Effectiveness of medications depends on:
1. The ability to reach the site of action in appropriate _________________.
2. ________________ must be maintained for a prescribed length of time. |
1. concentration
2. concentration |
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Movement of drug in/around the body:
4 ways drug is "moved"/ ways it is affected |
1. Absorption
2. Distribution
3. Metabolism
4. Elimination |
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Absorption:
1. is movement from the _______________________ to the ___________.
2. Most direct & quickest method (route) is ________ because it requires ____ ______________. |
1. site of administration, bloodstream
2. IV - no absorption |
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Absorption:
Rate of absorption depends on:
a. _________ ____________ to the area.
b. ________________ of the drug (how soluble it is) |
a. blood flow
b. formulation |
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is IM faster or slower than SQ? |
FASTER |
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DISTRIBUTION
1. Is the movement from the _____________ to the _______________ ____________.
2. Generally, the _________ blood supply, the more _______________ drug distribution.
|
bloodstream
target tissue
-----------
less blood supply = more difficult |
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DISTRIBUTION
Areas of difficult distribution include: (3) |
1. CNS
2. eye
3. prostate gland |
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Medications used ____________ at the ______________ ___________ _________ require little distribution.
Ex: (3) |
1. directly
2. preferred target site
Example:
|
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METABOLISM
___________________ (usually inactivation) of drug ____________ to elimination from the body. |
Alteration
prior to elimination |
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What is the main organ of metabolism? |
liver |
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What can affect the body's ability to metabolize drugs? |
liver dysfunction |
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ELIMINATION
The ________________ filters out drugs and drug metabolites which are then eliminated in the ___________. |
kidney
urine |
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Kidney dysfunction can compromise the body's ability to _____________ certain drugs.
Other methods of excreting drugs: (5) |
1. excreted into GI tract, eliminated in feces
2. exhaled from lungs
3. sweat
4. tears
5. milk |
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Routes of Administration:
(7) |
1. oral 2. parenteral 3. rectal 4. inhalation 5. transdermal 6. topical 8. transmucosal |
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DRUG FORMULATIONS
ORAL ROUTE
NAME 7 TYPES |
1. tablets 2. enteric tablets 3. capsules 4. solutions 5. suspensions 6. syrups 7. emulsions |
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TABLETS
1. May be ____________, easily break into smaller pieces (halves or quarters)
2. often taste _______.
3. Correctly divided dose is not guaranteed unless tablet is _________. |
scored
bad
scored |
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Enteric tablets are ____________ to protect it from _________ _____________ in order to either:
a) slow ___________
b) increase _____________ |
coated, stomach acid
absorption
palatability |
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Capsules may be ________ - ______________.
Solutions: drug is _______________ in liquid.
Suspensions must be ________ before using.
Syrups may contain:
Emulsions are oily substances in water and need to be ________ before use. |
time-released
dissolved
shaken
flavoring, sugar, alcohol
shaken |
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PARENTERAL ROUTE
Given _____________ the intestine.
5 possible parenteral routes |
outside
IV IM SQ ID (intradermal) IP (intraperitoneal) |
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Drugs given IV:
Have _________ absorption time.
Must be given ____________ to avoid ________ ________.
Drug must be in ___________, not ______________. |
no
slowly, speed shock
solution, not suspension |
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Drugs given IM are generally more _______________ than other injections.
examples of IM locations. (2) |
painful
quadriceps, lumbodorsal muscles |
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Drugs given SQ are generally ________ painful with a __________ absorption time. |
less
longer |
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Drugs given ID (intradermal) are used primarily for ________ ___________ _____________. |
skin allergy testing |
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Some drugs are given IP to ______ __________ patients when _____ route is not accessible.
Intraperitoneal means ______________ ___________. |
very small patients
IV
abdominal cavity |
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RECTAL ROUTE
What injectable drug is sometimes given rectally if IV route is not available?
What other form of drug can be used rectally?
|
Diazepam
suppositories (dissolve into rectal mucosa) |
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INHALATION
Two types:
Which type is used in oxygenated gas anesthetics?
Which type adds drug and water particles to air or to O2 in breathing environment? |
1. nebulizer, vaporizer
2. vaporizer
3. nebulizer |
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TRANSDERMAL
Two main types: |
1. ointments
2. patches |
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Ointments:
1. some drug molecules can pass through intact skin into ________.
2. Do no touch with _________ ____________.
3. Greasy, ____________ in water.
4. Harder to remove than __________. |
1. bloodstream
2. bare hands
3. insoluble
4. creams |
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Patches:
Are applied to the skin and release drug __________, providing _________ delivery. |
slowly, constant |
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TOPICALS
5 types |
1. creams 2. powders 3. lotions 4. gels 5. sprays |
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Creams can come in a non-_________ formula.
Are easily removed by ________, _________, ___________, etc. |
non-greasy
licking, rubbing, washing |
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Powders - fine particles that should be applied to a _________ surface.
Lotions - water-based suspensions that _____________ and leave a film of drug in place. |
moist
evaporate |
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Gels - are _______-based solutions.
Sprays - can be dispersed into ________, onto ________, etc.
Topical may be dropped into _______, _______, or rubbed into __________. |
water
nose, skin
eye, ears, skin |
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TRANS-MUCOSAL
Parenteral formulations may be absorbed directly from the _________ __________ if injectable form given PO.
Use requires more study before being accepted for general use (_______-label.) |
oral mucosa
off-label |