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74 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Mitosis |
Maintain number of chromosomes cell division necessary =growth repair and production organisms 600 billion trillion cells (5 million rbc cells die every second) (3 million skin cells die every minute) |
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Chromatin |
Tangled mass before cell division interphase |
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Chromosomes |
Condensed form for chromatin (visible) |
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Sister chromatid |
Identical chromosomes joint by centromere |
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Centromere |
Holds chromatids together |
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Number of chromosomes |
Two identical sets of chromosomes humans 23 pairs of chromosomes 46 total |
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Somatic cell |
Body cell complete set of chromosomes (2n) |
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Gamete cell |
Sperm/egg, half set of chromosomes (n) sex cell-(x2=somatic cell |
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Diploid(2n) |
Two sets of chromosomes 46 in humans |
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Haploid(n) |
One set of chromosomes 23 in humans |
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Homologous pairs |
Not identical autosomes similar |
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Sex Chromosomes |
X/Y genes involved in determining individuals sex |
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Gene |
Basic unit of heredity specific sequence of DNA |
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Locus |
Specific location of chromosomes |
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Allele |
Different form of the same gene |
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Polyploid |
Cell that has sets of 72 homologous chromosomes |
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Karyotype |
Autosomes 1 to 22+ chromosomes X/Y are different and distinct Very in length location of centromere and banding individual chromosomes are called individual karyotypes |
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Cell division |
Lifecycle equals lifecycle lives very based on type and environment |
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Interphase |
G1 stage so grows in size S stage DNA synthesis G2 stage prepare for sale division increase in size duplicate organelle M stage equals mitosis and cytokinesis |
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Mitosis |
Nuclear cell division produces daughter nuclei and same chromosomes as the parent nucleus |
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Karyotype |
Nuclear division |
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Cytokinesis |
Division of cytoplasm |
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Formation of gametes |
Produces haploid gametes from diploid cells and ovaries and testes meiosis Reduction division form of cell division daughter cells with less chromosomes than parent Recombination Meiosis = different combinations = genetically distinct |
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Phases |
Interphase prophase metaphase anaphase telophase repeated in meiosis two |
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Interphase 1 |
Somatic and germ cells produced from growth and synthesis |
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Prophase one |
DNA from chromatin and chromosomes chromosomes pair up Bivalent 2bivalent= tetrad Chiasma= Non-sister chromatid overlap equal cross over (exchange) increase in variation |
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Metaphase one |
Terads align along metaphase plate spindle fibres complete |
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Anaphase one |
Homologous chromosome separate = if crossover = genetic mixing |
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Kilo phase 1 |
Two daughter cells (haploid (n) ) Nuclei reform spindle fibres disappear one set of sister chromatids cytokinesis complete two cells half-size a parent cell |
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Interphase two |
No girls no synthesis DNA in chromatin form |
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Prophase two |
Condensing nucleus dissolves sister chromatids haploid |
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Metaphase two |
Sister chromatids in line at metaphase plate spindle fibres form |
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Anaphase two |
Sister chromatids separate centimetres pulled to poles by spindle fibres |
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Telophase two |
Nucleus reforms Cytokinesis complete cleavage fallows |
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Four haploid cells 1/2 of parent cell content One of each chromosome gamete a quarter size of original |
Tcctnuhrdr |
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Cancer |
Uncontrolled rapid growth of cells cancerous cells move from one cell division to the next faster results =fast growing mass of non-functional cells (Tumor) |
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Mitosis |
Is somatic cells simple cell division no variation parent cell = two daughter cells |
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Cell cycle |
Interphase 90% of cycle mitotic phase nucleus divides cytokinesis cytoplasm divides |
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Interphase |
Metabolic phase- genetic material in the compacted form (chromatin) G1- increase and sell size synthesis -DNA replication gentroliea replicate G2- prep for cell division metabolic activity |
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Prophase |
First sign of cell division Chromatin condenses= thick shorten chromosomes nuclear membrane dissolves Centrolies migrate to opposite ends begin spindle fibres |
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Metaphase |
Chromosomes align along metaphase plate centromere split spindle fibres complete |
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Anaphase |
Chromosomes migrate to opposite pole’s spindle fibres drag the daughter chromosomes in each pole gets a full set of DNA genetic material to chromatin for nuclear membrane reforms early stages of cytokinesis |
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Telophase |
Spindle fibres disappear Chromatin form (DNA) nuclear membrane complete cytokinesis complete |
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Cytokinesis |
In animals cleverage occurs Anaphase closes due to construction of microtubules of the cytoskeleton In plant cell plate forms between two daughter cells daughter cells are genetically identical to parent cells |
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Spermatogenesis |
4 haploid sperm for each diploid cell undergone meiosis |
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OoGenesis |
Baby girl has about 2 million primary oocyte in her ovaries by seven 300,000 remain the rest are absorbed 400-500 oocyte released during reproductive years |
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Primary oocyte |
Entered meiosis one one oocyte at a time starting with the first menstrual cycle simulation of hormone equals meiosis one complete which equals secondary oocyte and first of three polar bodies ovulation occurs penetration of sperm secondary in first polar body to complete meiosis two now three polar bodies and one mature egg and ovum |
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Sources of genetic recombination |
Outcome of meiosis Formation of genetically distinct haploid gametes |
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Klinefelter syndrome XXY |
Genetically male but extra X chromosome |
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Asexual reproduction |
Parent organism equals genetically identical offspring mitosis |
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Budding |
Mini version of parent from parents body separate and become independent |
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Vegetative reproduction |
New plant grows from modified stem (strawberries) |
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Fragmentation |
New plant from fragment of parent |
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Parthenogenesis |
Unfertilized egg develops into adult (bees/fertilize= female unfertilized=male ) |
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Spores |
Contains genetic material and cytoplasm surround by protective wall Wall protects content until conditions are good then opens organism develops Haploid or diploid Sexual or asexual |
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Sexual reproduction |
Production of gametes by meiosis fertilization between genetically distinct parental offspring |
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Alteration of generations |
Describes lifecycle of a plant that alternates between diploids sporatophyte generation and haploid gamatophyte generation |
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Diploid |
Sporophyte Spore making body |
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Genetic variation |
Creation of gametes with different combos of maternal and paternal chromosomes Exchange of genetic material between maternal and paternal chromosomes |
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Meiosis |
Sporatophyte to produce one or more haploid spores developed without fertilization |
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Haploid |
Plant body Gamatophyte= gamete making body |
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Reproduction of pro karyotypes |
Djfhcuof |
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Binary fission |
Attachment of circular bacterial chromosomes to wall chromosomes replicate new chromosomes attached to cell wall elongation of cell formation of septum separates two chromosomes cell division two genetically identical daughter cells |
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Exponential growth |
Bacteria produces large population in little time |
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Conjugation |
Transfer of genetic material from one cell to another cell to cell contact through bridging structures like pilus |
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Common goal |
Sexual or asexual all forms of reproduction share a common goal of the addition of new individuals to a population |
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Independent assortment |
How genus independently separate when reproductive cells develop = gametes having different combinations of parental chromosomes |
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Crossover |
Occurs at random between pairs of homologous chromosomes upper and lower case letters denote different alleys (different versions of same gene ) |
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Crossover |
1. During prophase homologous chromosomes form pairs 2. Nonsister chromatids crossover and exchange it segments of chromosomes 3. Chromosomes in gametes contain new condos of genetic material |
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Non-disjunction |
Chromosome/chromatid that do not separate as they should (meiosis) |
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Nondisjunction |
Anaphase one - homologous chromosome pairs do not separate instead one pair is pulled to each pole Anaphase two Sister chromatid do not separate instead both pulled to-same pole |
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Conception of twins |
Fraternal twins no more alike the other siblings identical twins identical |
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Down syndrome |
Extra chromosome 21 (trisomy 21) |
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Turner syndrome |
Missing an X chromosome |
