Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
Meristem |
greek for division. Active from seed germimation, source of primary plant growth, generate cells giving rise to roots, stems, leaves, and flowers of adult |
Growth |
|
Apical meristem |
Located at the tips of all roots and stems |
Growth |
|
Intials |
Cells that perpetuate the meristem; divide such that a sister cell remains in the meristem |
Growth |
|
Deriviatives |
Cell of initial that becomes a new cell body |
Growth |
|
Primary growth |
Extension of the plant body, formation of primary tissues; forms the primary plant body. Roots towards water, shoots toward light. Growth of apical meristems all life span |
Growth |
|
Development |
Sum total of events that progressively form an organism's body; from genetic instructions and environmental cues |
Development |
|
Growth |
Irreversible increase in size, cell division and cell enlargement |
Increase |
|
Morphogenesis |
The shape or form the plant assumes, cell and tissue enlargement |
Growth |
|
Differentiation |
The process by which cells with identical genetic potentials become different from one another and from the cells from which they originated. Begins while cell is enlarging |
Growth |
|
Tissue systems |
3 basic ones: ground tissue, vascular tissue, dermal tissue |
Tissues |
|
Ground tissue [simple, composed of 1 cell type] |
Parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma |
3 |
|
Vascular tissue [composed of 2 or more cell types, complex] |
Xylem, phloem |
2 |
|
Dermal tissue [complex tissue] |
Epidermis, periderm |
2 |
|
Tissue distribution |
Characteristic patterns based on the plant part and plant taxon or both, patterns are similar from one plant part to another. Differences between species shows in patterns of the distribution of vascular and ground tissues |
Differences |
|
Parenchyma |
Located in cortex, pith of stems and roots, leaf mesophyll, flesh of fruits. Also appear as horizontal strands as rays in secondary vascular tissues. Vertical strands of cells in primary and secondary vascular tissues (primary and secondary xylem and phloem) |
Stem |
|
Parenchymal cells |
Capable of dividing. Located in cell walls of most primary tissue (some secondary tissues). Parenchymal cells with primary walls are: active in regeneration and wound healing, initiate adventitous roots on stem cuttings. Also capable of photosynthesis, storage, secretion (all dependant in living protoplasts) |
Hurt |
|
Collenchyma |
Discrete strands or cylinders beneath epidermis of stems and petioles. Borders of veins in dicots. Form elongated, unevenly thickened, non-lignified primary cell walls. Soft and pliable. Living at maturity. Support young, growing organs (plant organs: roots, stem, leaves, reproductive structures) |
Support/growth |
|
Sclereids |
Short, branched cells. Occur singly or in aggregates in ground tissue. Seed coats, nut shells, stone (endocarp) of stone fruits. Gritty texture in pears are sclereids |
Ground |
|
Vascular tissue [xylem] |
Derived from vascular cambium in secondary growth, dead at maturity. |
Tissue |
|
Tracheary elements |
Principle conducting cells of xylem |
Vascular |
|
Vessel elements |
Absent from gymnosperms. Vessel-like cells evolved independently in seedless vascular plants |
Vascular |
|
Tracheids |
Lacks perforations, less specialized type of cell than vessel elements (only water conducting cell in most seedless vascular plants and gymnosperms) |
Vascular |
|
Vessel elements 2 |
Perforations (areas w/o primary or secondary) walls. Perforation plate. Occur on end walls with vessel elements joined end-to-end -long continuous tubes (vessels) |
Holes |
|
Tracheid 2 |
Safer for water transport because water flowing from tracheid to tracheid passes through pit membranes (thin, modified primary walls of pit pairs). Pit in a cell wall adjoins a pit in the wall of adjoining cell (two opposite pits plus membrane). Pit membranes can block tiny air bubbles. Air embolisms in angiosperms can block the whole vessel element, enlarge and travel up the xylem |
Water transport |
|
Phloem |
Transport sugars, amino acids, lipids, micronutrients, hormones, floral stimulus, proteins, RNAs. "Super-information highway" of the plant |
Transport |
|
Sieve elements |
Principle conducting cells; protoplasts of adjacent sieve elements; interconnected; 2 types. "Sieve-elements"-seedless vascular plants, variable in structure |
Cells |
|
Sieve cells |
The only food conducting cells of gymnosperms |
Food |
|
Sieve-tube elements |
Only in angiosperms. Sieve tubes- end on end. With sieve plates. |
Plates |
|
Companion cells |
Specialized parenchyma cells. Develop from the same mother cell as sieve tube elements. Nucleated with organelles. Deliever substances to sieve tube elements. Informational molecules, protien ATP. "Life support system" for sieve tube elements. |
Parenchyma |
|
Albuminous/Strasburger cells of gymnosperms |
Not derived from the same mother cell as sieve cells. Nucleated with organelles. Role similar to companion cells of angiosperms. |
Cell |
|
Epidermis |
Dermal tissue of leaves, floral parts, fruits and seeds (young stems and roots). |
Tissue |
|
Guard cells |
Regulate opening and closing of stomata |
Open |
|
Trichomes |
Reflect solar radiation, lower leaf temperature, lower water loss. (Microenvironment), absorption of water and minerals in epiphytes (velamin-epiphytic orchids), defense against insects |
Protection |
|
Periderm |
Replaces epidermis in stems and roots of plants that exhibit secondary growth. Cork cambium forms cork on outer surface. Phelloderm forms cork on inner surface |
Cork |