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30 Cards in this Set
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Monosaccharide
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The simplest form of carbohydrate; therefore, it cannot be broken down to simpler sugars by hydrolysis.
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A simple sugar, example: fructose, glucose, and ribose.
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Disaccharide
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A sugar (carbohydrate) composed of two monosaccharides, thus yields two monosaccharide molecules on complete hydrolysis.
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sucrose, lactose, maltose, trehalose, cellubiose.
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Polysaccharide
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A complex carbohydrate composed of a chain of monosaccharides joined together by glocosidic bonds. Properti (1) not sweet in taste, (2) insoluble in water, (3) do not form crystals when desiccated, (4) compact and not osmotically active inside the cells, (5) can be extracted to form white powderes :
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cellulose, starch, or glycogen
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Starch
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A polysaccharide carbohydrate (C6H10O5)n consisting of a large number of glucose monosaccharide units joined together by glycosidic bonds found
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especially in seeds, bulbs, and tubers.
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Glycogen
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A branched polymer of glucose that is mainly produced in liver and muscle cells, and functions as secondary long-term energy storage in animal cells.
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similar to starch in plants
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Fermentation
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anaerobic, generates ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation using regeneration of NAD+
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Fermentation occurs in fruits, bacteria, yeasts, fungi, as well as in mammalian muscle.
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Cellular respiration
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Respiration can occur with or without oxygen, aerobic and anaerobic respiration respectively.
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Occurs in mitochondria, glycolysis, and chloroplast
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Oxidative phosphorylation
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ATP synthesis powered by redox reactions of the electron transport chain, makes 90% of ATP, includes electron transport and chemiosmosis
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related to phosphorylation, electron transport chain, ATP
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Redox reactions
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aka oxidation-reduction reactions; transfer of electrons from one substance to another
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involved in many important biological processes, such as cellular respiration and photosynthesis. In cellular respiration, for instance, redox reaction occurs when glucose is oxidized to carbon dioxide whereas oxygen is reduced to water.
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Oxidation
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in a redox reaction, when a substance loses electrons
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For instance in cellular respiration, the oxidation of glucose (C6H12O6) produces CO2.
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Reduction
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in a redox reaction, when electron is ADDED to another substance
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occurs in cellular respiration
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Reducing agent
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electron donor in a redox reaction, to perform reduction with another substance
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Substances capable of adding electrons to another substance, possibly doing this by adding hydrogen to it.
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NAD+
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accepts electrons from enzyme and functions as an oxidizing agent during respiration, helps break down sugar, gaining a hydrogen makes it into NADH
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In metabolic reactions, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide may be oxidized, NAD+, or reduced, NADH.
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Glycolysis
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doesn't need oxygen to work, located in cytosol, where cycle begins and breaks sugar into 2 pyruvates, net energy created is 2 ATP and 2 NADH
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process within cellular respiration
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Krebs cycle
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located in matrix, completes breakdown of glucose by oxidizing pyruvates into carbon dioxide, NADH, FADH, and ATP
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creates cellular energy
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Oxidizing agent
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electron acceptor in a redox reaction and oxidizes the other substance by removing its electron
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Most of the oxidizing agents have high oxidation numbers or highly electronegative so that they can gain one or two extra electrons by oxidizing a substance.
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Substrate-level phosphorylation
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makes small amount of ATP from glycolysis and krebs cycle by taking phosphate from a substrate and giving it to ADP
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phosphate bonds store alot of energy
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Acetyl CoA
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carboxyl within pyruvate is realeased as carbon dioxide when entering mitochondria and coenzyme A joins with rest of pyruvate to create acetyl coA
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Acetyl-coenzyme a synthase is found in bacteria and plants and catalyses the reaction in which acetate enters metabolic pathways and forms acetyl-coenzyme a.
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ATP synthase
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protein located in inner membrane, makes ATP by combining ADP with inorganic phosphate, powered by difference of hydrogens on both sides of matrix and inner membrane
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This enzyme consists of two major segments: Fo portion, the transmembrane proton channel and F1 portion, the catalytic component.
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chemiosmosis
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process in which hydrogen crosses membrane to drive cellular work such as synthesis of ATP
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Chemiosmosis is one of the processes by which ATP is synthesized. In eukaryotes, it takes place in the mitochondria during cellular respiration and in the chloroplasts during photosynthesis. In prokaryotes, it occurs in the cell membrane.
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Aerobic respiration
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A form of cellular respiration that requires oxygen in order to generate energy.
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krebs cycle requires oxygen
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Anaerobic respiration
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Not requiring, or capable of occurring, in the absence of air or free oxygen.
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fermentation
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Alchohol fermentation
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The process by which yeast turns sugar into carbon dioxide (CO2) and alcohol.
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occurs without oxygen
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Lactic acid fermentation
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Process carried out by lactic acid bacteria when oxygen is not present.
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similar to alchohol fermentation
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Facultative anaerobe
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An organism which is capable of producing energy through aerobic respiration and then switching back to anaerobic respiration depending on the amounts of oxygen and fermentable material in the environment.
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examples of facultative anaerobic bacteria are the Staphylococci (Gram positive), Escherichia coli (Gram negative), Corynebacterium (Gram positive), and Listeria (Gram positive). Organisms in the Kingdom Fungi can also be facultative anaerobic, such as yeasts.
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Cytochrome (cyt)
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a class of hemoprotein found in mitochondria that transport electron or protons(e.g. Hydrogen ions)(for instance during cell respiration or photosynthesis)
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cytochromes are found in the mitochondrial inner membrane of eukaryotes, in the chloroplasts of plants, in photosynthetic microorganisms, as well as in bacteria
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Carbohydrate
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Any of the group of organic compounds consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, usually in the ratio of 1:2:1, hence the general formula: Cn (H2O) n
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sugar, starch, cellulose and gums.
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Electron transport chain
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located in inner membrane of mitochondria. NADH shuttles electrons through chain so in the end it goes with oxygen, forming water
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oxaloacetate
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at beginning and end of krebs cycle when it joins with acetyl coA to make citrate
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cytochromes
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protein that are electron carriers in electron transport chain
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