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102 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Adjacent-Layer Interaction
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Two adjacent-layers in a networking architectural model work together with the lower layer providing services to the upper layer
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Same-Layer Interaction
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the communication between two networking devices for the purposes of the functions defined at a particular layer of a networking model, with that communication happening by using a header defined by that layer of the model. The two devices set values in the header, send the header and encapsulated data, w/ the receiving device(s) interpreting the header to decide what action to take.
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Leased Line
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A serial communications circuit between two points, provided by some service provider, typically a tele company. Telco charges a monthly fee
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WAN
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A part of a larger network that implements mostly OSI (L1) and (L2) technology, connects site that typically sit far apart and uses a business model in which a consumer (individual or business) must lease the WAN from an ISP
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Telco
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Common abbreviation for the telephone company
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Serial Interface
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A type of interface on a router, used to connect to some types of WAN links, particularly leased lines and Frame Relay Lines
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HDLC
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High-Level Data Link Control. A bit oriented synchronous data link layer protocol developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
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DSL
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Digital Subscriber Line. Public network technology that delivers high bandwidth over conventional telco-loop copper wiring at limited distances. Typically used an an Internet access technology, connecting a user to an ISP
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Cable Internet
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An Internet access technology that uses a cable TV cable, normally used for video, to send and receive data
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DSL modem
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A device that connects to a telephone line using DSL standards, to transmit and receive data to/from a telco using DSL
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Ethernet over MPLS
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Multi-Protocol Switching is a standards-approved technology for speeding up network traffic flow and making it easier to manage. Involves setting up a specific path for a given sequence of packets, identified by a label put in each packet, saving time needed for a router to look up the address to the next node to forward the packet to .
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MPLS
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Multi-Protocol Switching is a multi-protocol that works w/ Internet Protocol (IP), Asynchronous Transport Protocol (ATM), and Frame Relay Protocols. Allows packets to be forwarded at the (L2) switching level rather than the (L3) routing level. Moves traffic faster and is easier to manage
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Wired LAN
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Local Area Network that physically transmits bits using cables (usually copper)
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Wireless LAN
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Local Area Network that physically transmits bits using radio waves.
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Unicast Address
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Any address in networking that represents a single device or interface, instead of a group of addresses
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Straight Through Cable
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A cable that connects the wire on pin 1 on one end of the cable w/ pin 1 on the other end of the cable, pin 2 on one end of the cable w/ pin 2 on the other end of the cable and so on
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RJ-45
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Type of cabling connector used for Ethernet cabling similar to RJ-11 connector used for telephone wiring. RJ-45 allows for the connection of 8 wires
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Network Interface Card (NIC)
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Computer card (expansion card or integrated into mobo) that provides the electronics and other functions to connect to a computer network.
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MAC Address
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Media Access Control Address, standardized data link layer address that is required for every device that connects to a LAN. Ethernet MAC addresses are 6 bytes long and are controlled by the IEEE. Also known as hardware address, MAC layer address and a physical address
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Frame Check Sequence (FCS)
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Field in many data link trailers used as part of the error-detection process
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Gigabit Ethernet
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Common name for all the IEEE standards that send data at 1 gigabit speed per second
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Fast Ethernet
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Common name for all the IEEE standards that send data at 100 megabits speed per second
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Ethernet Frame
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Term referring to an Ethernet data link header and trailer, plus the data encapsulated between the header and trailer
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Ethernet Port
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A generic term for the opening on the side of any Ethernet node, typically in an Ethernet NIC or LAN switch, into which an Ethernet cable can be connected
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Ethernet Link
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A generic term for any physical link between two Ethernet nodes, not matter what type of cable is used.
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Ethernet Address
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A 48-bit (6-byte) binary number, usually written as a 12-digit hexadecimal number, used to identify Ethernet nodes in an Ethernet network. Ethernet frame headers list a destination and source address field, used by Ethernet devices to deliver Ethernet frames to the correct destination.
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Ethernet
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A series of LAN standards defined by the IEEE, originally invented by Xerox Corporation and developed jointly by Xerox, Intel and Digital Equipment Corporation
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IEEE
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Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. Professional organization that develops communications and network standards
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Cross-over Cable
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Ethernet cable that swaps the pair used for transmission on one device to a pair used for receiving on the device on the opposite end.
10Base-T / 100Base-TX: swaps pins 1,2 to pins 3,6 and pins 3,6 to pins 1,2 |
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Broadcast Address
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Any address that represents all devices and can be used to send one message to all devices. In Ethernet, the MAC address = all 1s or FFFF.FFFF.FFFF.FFFF in hex.
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Default router
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On an IP Host, the IP address of some router to which the host sends packets when the packets destination address is on a subnet other than the local subnet
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Routing Table
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A list of routes in a router, with each route listing the destination subnet and mask, the router interface out which to forward packets destined to that subnet and as needed the next-hop router's IP address
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IP Network (Classful IP Network)
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An IPv4 Class A, B, or C network, called a classful network because these networks are defined by the class 4 rules for IPv4 addressing
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IP Subnet
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Subdivisions of Class A, B, or C network as configured by a network administrator. Subnets allow a single Class A, B or C network to be used instead of multiple networks and still allow for a large number of groups of IP addresses as is required for efficient routing
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IP Packet
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An IP Header followed by the data encapsulated after the IP header but specifically not including any headers and trailers for layers below the network layer
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Routing Protocol
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A set of messages and processes with which routers can exchange information about routes to reach subnets in a particular network. Examples: Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol, (EIGRP), Open Shortest Path First (OSPF), Routing Information Protocol (RIP)
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Dotted Decimal Notation
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The format used for IPv4 addresses in which four decimal values are used, separated by periods (dots)
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Connection Establishment
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The process by which a connection-oriented protocol creates a connection. With TCP, a connection is established by a three-way transmission of TCP segments
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Error Detection
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The process of discovering whether a data link level frame was changed during transmission. This process typically uses a Frame Check Sequence (FCS) field in the data link trailer.
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Error Recovery
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The process of noticing when some transmitted data was not successfully received and resending the data until is is successfully received
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Flow Control
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The process of regulating the amount of data sent by a sending computer toward a receiving computer. Several flow control mechanisms exist including TCP flow control, which uses windowing
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Forward Acknowledgement
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A process used by protocols that do error recovery in which the number that acknowledges data lists the next data that should be sent, not the last data that successfully received.
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HTTP
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Hyper Text Transfer Protocol, the protocol used by web browsers and web servers to transfer files such as text and graphic files
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Ordered Data Transfer
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A networking function included in TCP in which the protocol defines how the sending host should number the data transmitted transmitted, defines how the receiving device should attempt to reorder the data if it arrives out of order and specifies to discard the data if it cannot be delivered in order
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Port
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In TCP and UDP, a number that is used to uniquely identify the application process that either sent (source port) or should receive (destination port) data. In LAN switching another term for switch interface
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Segment
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In TCP, a term used to describe a TCP header and its encapsulated data (aka L4PDU). Also in TCP, the process of accepting a large chunk of data from the application layer and breaking it into smaller pieces that fit into TCP segments. In Ethernet, a segment is either a single Ethernet cable or a single collision domain (no matter how many cables are used)
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Sliding Windows
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For protocols such as TCP that allow the receiving device to dictate the amount of data the sender can send before receiving an acknowledgement -called a window-a reference to the fact that the mechanism to grant future windows is typically just a number that grows upward slowly after each acknowledgement, sliding upward
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URL
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Uniform Resource Locator, a standard for to refer to any piece of information retrievable via TCP/IP network, most notably used to identify web pages.
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VOIP
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Voice over IP, the transport of voice traffic inside IP packets over an IP network
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Web Server
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Software running on a computer that stores web pages and sends those web pages to web clients that request the web pages
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Auto-negotiation
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An IEEE standard mechanism (802.3u) with which two nodes can exchange messages for the purpose of choosing to use the same Ethernet standards on both ends of the link, ensuring that the link functions and functions w/out error
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Broadcast Domain
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A set of all devices that receive broadcast frames originating from any device w/in the set. Devices in the same VLAN are in the same broadcast domain
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Broadcast Frame
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An Ethernet frame sent to destination address FFFF.FFFF.FFFF.FFFF, meaning that frame should be delivered to all host on that LAN
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Collision Domain
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A set of network interface cards (NIC) for which a frame sent by one NIC could result in a collision w/ a frame sent by any other NIC in the same collision domain
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Cut-though Switching
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One of three options for internal processing on CISCO LAN switches in which the frame is forwarded as soon as enough of the Ethernet header has been received for the switch to make a forwarding decision including forwarding the first bit of the frame before the whole frame is received.
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Flooding
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The result of the LAN switch forwarding process for broadcast and unknown Unicast frames. Switches forward these frames out all interfaces except the interface on which the frame was received. Switches also flood multi-cast by default though that can be changed.
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Command Line Interface (CLI)
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An interface that allows the user to interact with the operating system by entering commands and optional arguments .
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Telnet
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The standard terminal emulation application layer protocol in the TCP/IP protocol stack. Used for remote terminal connection enabling users to log into remote systems and use local resources as if they were local. RFC 854
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Secure Shell (SSH)
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A TCP/IP application layer protocol that supports terminal emulation between client and server using dynamic key exchange and encryption to keep the communications private
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Enable Mode
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Part of the CISCO IOS CLI in which the user can use the most powerful and disruptive commands on a router or switch including the ability to reach configuration mode and reconfigure the router
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User Mode
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Mode of user interface to a router or switch in which the user can type only non-disruptive EXEC commands generally to look at the current status and not change any operational settings.
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Configuration Mode
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Part of CISCO IOS software CLI in which a user can type configuration commands that are then added to the device's current used configuration file running-config
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Start-Up Config File
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In CISCO IOS switches and routers the name of the file that resides in NVRAM memory holding the devices configuration that will be loaded into RAM as the running-config file when the device is next reloaded or restarted.
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Running-Config File
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In CISCO IOS switches and routers the name of the file that resides in RAM memory holding the devices currently used configuration
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802.1Q
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The IEEE Standardize protocol for VLAN trunking
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Trunk
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In campus LANs an Ethernet segment over which the devices add a VLAN header that identifies the VLAN in which the frame exists
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Trunk Interface
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A switch interface configured so that it operates using VLAN trunking (either 802.1Q or ISL)
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Trunking Administrative Mode
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The configured trunking setting on a CISCO switch interface, as configured with the switch port mode command
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Trunking Operational Mode
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The current behavior of CISCO switch interface for VLAN trunking
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VLAN
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A group of devices connected to one or more switches w/ the devices grouped into a single broadcast domain through switch configuration. Devices can be separated into separate VLANs w/out extra switches
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VTP
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VLAN trunking protocol = CISCO proprietary messaging protocol used btwn CISCO switches to communicate configuration information about the existence of VLANs including VLAN name and VLAN ID
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VTP Transparent Mode
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One of Three VTP operational modes Switches in transparent mode can configure VLANs but do not tell other switches about the changes and they do not learn about VLAN changes from other switches
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L3 Switch (aka Multilayer Switch)
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A LAN switch that can also perform L3 Routing Functions. Known as multilayer due to the device making forwarding decisions based on logic from multilayers L2 / L3
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Access Interface
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A LAN network design term that refers to a switch interface connected to end-user devices configured so that it does not use VLAN trunking
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CDP Neighbor
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A device on the other end of some communications cable that is advertising CDP updates
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Up and Up
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Refers to the two interface states on a CISCO router or switch (line status and protocol status). 1st Up refers to Line Status, 2nd Up refers to Protocol status.
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Connected
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The single-item status code listed by a switch show interface status command w/ this status referring to a working status
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Error Disabled
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An interface state on LAN switches that can be the result of many security violations
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Root Cause
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Troubleshooting term refers to the reason why a problem exists
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Subnet
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Subdivisions of a Class A, B or C network as configured. Subnets allow a Class A, B or C network to be used instead of multiple networks and still allow for a large number of IP addresses as is required for efficient IP routing
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Network
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A collection of computers, printers, switches, routers and other devices that can communicate w/ ea other across a transmission medium
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Classful Network
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An IPv4 Class A, B or C network called a classful network because these networks are defined by the class rules by IPv 4 addressing
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Variable Length Subnet Mask VLSM
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The capability to specify a different subnet mask for the same Class A, B or C network number on different subnets. VLSM can optimize available address space
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Network Part
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The portion of an IPv4 Address that is either 1,2 or 3 Octets/bytes long based on whether the address is in a Class A, B or C network
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Subnet Part
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In a subnetted IPv4 address interpreted with classful addressing rules one of the three parts of the structure of an IP address w/ the subnet part uniquely identifying different subnets of a classful IP network
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Host Part
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A term used to describe of an IPv4 address that is used to uniquely identify a host inside a subnet. The host part is identified by the bits of value 0 in the subnet mask
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Public IP Network
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An IP address that is part of a registered network number as assigned by the IANA member agency so that only the organization to which the address if registered is allowed to use the address Routers in the Internet should have routes allowing them to forward packets to all the publicly registered IP addresses
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Private IP Network
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IP Addresses in several Classful A, B or C networks that are set aside for use in private organizations. These addresses are not routable
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Subnet Mask
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A 32 bit number that numerically describes the format of an IP address by representing the combined network and subnet bits in the address w/ mask bit values of 1 and representing the host bits in the address w/ values of 0
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Default Mask
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The mask used in a Class A, B or C network that does not create any subnets.
255.0.0.0 Class A 255.255.0.0 Class B 255.255.255.0 Class C |
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Resident Subnet
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The subnet of which an IP address is a member.
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Subnet Broadcast Address
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A special address in each subnet specifically the largest numeric address in the subnet designed so that packets sent to this address should be delivered to all host in that subnet
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Subnet Number
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In IPv4, a dotted decimal # that represents all addresses in a single subnet. Numerically the smallest value in the range of numbers in a subnet, reserved so that it cannot be used as a unicast IP address by a host
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IOS Image
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A file that contains the IOS
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Clock Rate
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The speed at which a serial link encodes bits on the transmission medium
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Bandwidth
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A reference to the speed of a networking link.
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ARP Table Address Resolution Table
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A list of IP addresses of neighbors on the same VLAN along w/ their MAC addresses as kept in memory by host and routers
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Routing Table
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A list of routes in a router w/ each route listing the destination subnet and mask, the router interface which to forward the packet out to that subnet and the next-hop routers IP address
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CISCO Express Forwarding (CEF)
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A method of internal processing on CISCO routers meant to make the routing process very efficient doing so by caching IP routes in a table that can be searched very quickly and by remembering data link headers rather than building them for every packet that is forwarded.
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Zero Subnet
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For every classful IPv4 network that is subnetted the one subnet that has all binary 0s in the subnet part of the number. In decimal the zero subnet can be easily identified because it is the same number as the classful network number
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IOS
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Internetwork Operating System: Software used on most CISCO routers and current CISCO network switches. IOS is a package of routing, switching, internetworking and telecommunicaitons integrated into a multitasking operating system
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17
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Define
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