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186 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What structure seperates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity?
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Diaphragm
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What cavity contains the stomach gall bladder pancreas intestines liver spleen adrenal glands and kidneys?
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Abdominal
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What function do platelets and thrombocytes have?
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They adhere to damaged blood vessel walls and release enzymes that activate hemostasis which stops bleeding (coagulates)
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What is in vitro?
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Test tube/inside
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What is in vivo?
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studies on living tissues/animals
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What is epidemiology?
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The study of the prevelance of disease
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What are the main functions of blood?
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Blood carries nutrients oxygen and horomones. Removes metablolic waste, CO@ and provides immunity through antibodies. It maintains body temperature.
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What is anemia
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Low RBC
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What is erythrocytosis
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Increase or high level of RBCs
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What are the four major blood types?
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A AB B O
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What blood type is the universal donor
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O negative
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Blood and lymph ca be checked by chemical tests and coagulation studies. What are the five common tests used for direct examination of blood?
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1) CBC --> Blood cell count
2) Hemoglobin --> measures the O2 carrying ability 3) Hematocrit --> measures the volume of erythorcytes 4) Sedementation rates --> how long it takes erythrocytes to settle 5)Retriculocyte study --> The # of immature RBCs |
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Name the 3 layers of the vessel walls
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Tunica intima (innermost)
Tunica media (middle Tunica adventitia (outermost) |
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What are the arteries that act as a control valve through which blood is metered to the capillaries?
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Arterioles --> control blood
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What are capillaries and why are they considered microvessels?
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Capallaries are the smallest blood vessels and part of the microcirculation. They are only 1 cell thick and they connect arterioles and venules
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What vessel contains deoxygenated blood from peripheral tissue?
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Veins
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What are the distint layers of the heart?
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Endocardium
Myocardium Epicardium |
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What is the pericardium?
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The sac surrounding the heart. Provides protection
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What is the function of the left atrium and right atrium?
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RA and LA both act as temporary storage chambers so that blood is readily available for ventricular filling
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What 3 vessels carry CO2 to the right atrium?
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IVC SVC and CS carry CO2 to RA
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What are the functions of the right and left ventricle?
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The ventricles are the main pumping chambers for the systemic circulation (LV) and the pulmonic circulation (RV)
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If a patient has chest pain and is given morphine, what effect would it typically have?
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Morphine relieves pain and anxiety caused by MI. It helps prevent further damage to the heart by decreasing the blood pressure. It causes severe nausea and decreases respiration rate
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What is the foramen ovale?
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A structure in embryo to bypass the lungs. A shunt from RA to LA
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What is the ductus arteriosus?
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A structure in embryo connecting the pulmonary trunk to the aorta.
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Autorhythmic activity of the heart can be modified by what branch of the nervous system?
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Autonomic nervous system
- Parasympathetic - Sympathetic |
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What does the cardiovascular system consist of?
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Heart blood vessels and blood
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What are the 3 main functions of the cardiovascular system?
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1. Transport of nutrients oxygen and metabolic waste removal
2. Protecting by WBCs and antibodies 3. Regulation of body temperature, fluid PH and H2O content in cells |
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Where is the highest O2 saturation in the fetal circulation found?
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In the veins of the umbilical cord
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What is a false positive test?
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Positive test but NO disease present
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What is a false negative test?
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Negative test but disease IS present
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What are the inherant rates for the SA, AV and Perkinje fibers?
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SA node = 60-100 bpm
Av node = 40-60 bpb Perkinje fibers = 20-40 bpm |
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How many weeks does it take for the heart to completely form?
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7 weeks
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In the fetal heart what does the bulbus cordes form?
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The LV and RV
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What is pectus carinatum?
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Pertusion of chest (outward) pigeon
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What is pectus excavatum?
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Depression of the chest (inward)
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What is the crux of the heart?
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Where all 4 chambers come together in the back of the heart
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What is automaticity?
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The ability of the heart to start and maintain rhythmic activity without the use of the nervous system
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If standing, venous return and ventricular filling will?
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Pressure will decrease and there will be less ventricular filling
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What does the stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system have on the heart?
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Increases heart rate and contractility. Decreases the AV conduction time
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What is blood pressure?
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The force of blood against the walls of the heart. Systolic is highest. Diastole is lowest
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What is pulse pressure?
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The difference between systolic and diastolic pressure
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Which of the following coronary artiers provides blood to the anerior walls of the LV?
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LAD
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Which coronary artery provides blood to the RV?
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RCA
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Which coronary artery provides blood to the inferior septal walls in right dominant?
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PDA
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What is the absolute or effective refractory period of the heart?
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When the heart is unable to respond to electrical stimulant
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If a person is walking, what is the main mechanism responsible to returning the venous blood to the heart?
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Calf muscle contraction
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Coronary artery perfusion occurs from?
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Epicardium to endocardium (outer to inner)
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What vessel in the body contains the largest volume of blood?
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Veins and venules
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What are the normal left and right heart oxygen saturation levels?
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Right = 76%
Left= 98% |
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In comparing the systemic circulation to the pulmonary circulation. Which has the higher pressure, higher resistence, higher oxygen content, thicker ventricular and vessel walls and lower CO2 levels?
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Systemic circulation
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Name the components of the pulmonary circulation?
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RV to Pul Artery to Pul Branches to Pul Capillaries to Pul Veins
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80 mm is the same as how many centimeters?
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8 cm
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2 meters per second can be written as how many cm per sec
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200 cm/se
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Depolarization of the ventricle occurs with the onset of which EKG complex?
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QRS
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What are the 4 phases of the Action potential curve?
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Phase 0-1 Cardiac rapid cell depolarization (sodium rapidly enters and potassium leaves)
Phase 2 Early rapid repolarization (sodium re-enters and potassium leaves) Phase 3 Plateau phase (coinsides with ST segment) Calcium re enters Phase 4 Resting |
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What vessel has the lowest O2 saturation
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Coronary sinus 60%
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A common word for sternum is ?
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Breastbone
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What is under the skin referred to
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Sub cutaneous
Hypodermic |
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What does the word stetho mean?
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Chest
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Before a medical procedure a patient should sign an informed consent. What are 2 general principles concerning informed consent?
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1. Must be signed by patient PRIOR to procedure
2. Informed consent protects everyone |
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What is the function of the spleen?
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Filters plasma and dead blood cells and stores blood
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What is the function of the hepatic veins
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Drains directly to the IVC to drain de oxygenated blood from the liver (after 120 days)
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Performing treatment without the patients informed consent, the physican runs the risk of suit for?
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Assault and battery
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What statute generally protects a physician from civil liability in cases of rendering emergency care if done with good faith and due caution?
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Good samaritan status
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What could a WBC count of 22,000 indicate
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Systemic infection
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What is the normal range for WBCs
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4000-11000
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What is the universal donor?
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O negative - can only receive from itself
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What is the universal acceptor?
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AB + can receive from all but only gives to itself
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What is the first downward deflection on the EKG that follows the P wave?
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Q wave
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What does the QRS complex consist of?
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Q wave R Wave and S wave
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What does the QRS represent on EKG
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Ventricular depolarization/contraction
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What is the normal time duration for the QRS complex
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0.06 to 0.12
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What is the only artery that carries deoxygenated blood?
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Pulmonary artery
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Wat is present in blood that causes RBC to appear read
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Oxyhemoglobin
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What nerves regulate the heart beat?
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Sympathetic and parasympathetic
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What happens when the parasympathetic nervous system is stimulated?
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Heart rate decreases
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Lying on the stomach is referred to as?
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Prone position
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What does QID mean?
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4 times a day
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What does Stat mean?
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Immediately
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What does BID mean?
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2 times a day
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Disinfectants destroy what?
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Bacteria
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Whaere does V1 go when placing an electrode on a patients chest?
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4th intercostal space at Rt Sternal border
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What percordial lead is places 5th intercostal space down mid-auxillary
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V6
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What would you consider a heart rate that is regular and a HR of 98.6 bpm
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Normal sinus rhythm
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What 3 vessels arise from the arch of the aorta
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Brachiocephalic
Lt CCA Lt Subclavian |
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Which vessel is the first to arise from the arch of the aorta
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Brachiocephalic
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What does the T wave represent
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repolarization of the ventricles
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What is the normal EKG paper speed
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25 mm/sec
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What is the normal O2 saturation for the right heart?
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75%
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What is the normal O2 saturation for the left heart?
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98%
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Do the pulmonary veins have a high oxygen saturation level?
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Yes, highest in the body
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What sensors are used for a 2 lead EKG
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RA negative
Left Leg Postivie |
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What are the four reasons a patient may have a wandering baseline EKG
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Movement
bad sensor oily skin bad preparation (poor lead connection) |
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What percent is the normal arterial O2 saturation level?
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93-98%
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What is the refractory period?
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The time immediately following a stimulus to cardiac muscle and will not respond to a new stimulus
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What ion enters the heart cell in systole to make the heart contract
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Calcium
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What is the voltage of a resting cardiac muscle cell
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-90 millivolts
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What are the 3 main coronary arteries
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RCA LA CX
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When does the coronary blood flow occur?
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Diastole
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What is the first thing you should do according to the american heart association if an adult patient collapses and is unresponsive?
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Call 911
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What rhythm has a wide QRS, regular rhythm and HR > 150 bpm
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V-tach
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Is v-tach considered a lethal rhythm?
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Yes
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What is the inherant firing rate of the AV junctional tissue
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40-60bpm
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Heart rates between 60-100 bpm are considered ....
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Normal sinus rhythm
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HR bvelow 60 bpm are considered?
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Sinus bradycardia
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Rapid discharge of numerous irritable automaticity foci in the atrias describe what arrhythmia
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Atrial fibrillation
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In fetal development, what occurs around the 22nd day helping form the great arteries and ventricles?
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Cardiac looping occurs (usually rightward)
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From the fetal heart, sinus venosus becomes what in the adult heart?
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Coronary sinus
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In the fetal aortic arch system, which of the arches persist into adult life?
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3 4 and 6
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Name the 3 channels of communication in fetal circulation that close shortly after birth
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Ductus arteriosus
foraman ovale ductus venosus |
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During embyologic development the pulmonic valve and aortic valves are formed from which structure?
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Trunctus arteriosus
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What is the term used to describe mid to late diastolic equalization of atrial and ventricular pressures?
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Diastatis
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What term describes how blood moves through a vessel at the center at a higher velocity than the blood along the vessel wall?
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laminar parabolic flow
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What nerve supplies the SA node and controls HR?
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Parasympathetic nerve --> Vagus nerve
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Would a patient that spreads fecal contamination be a candidate for enteric isolation technique?
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Yes
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What is enteric isolation?
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Avoidance of any contact with bodily fluids
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True or false. Both diastolic blood pressure and auto regulation influence coronary blood flow?
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True
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A person can go into shock if the cardiac index falls below what number?
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< 2 l/m/m*
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What is the most important blood cell?
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RBC --> the oxygen transporting cell
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Briefly describe the blood flow direction in the pulmonary circulation?
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RV --Pul Valve -- Pulmonary artery/trunk -- lungs --Pul veins
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What occurs in the lungs during respiration?
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Pulmonary artery carry blood to lungs where RBCs release CO2 and pick up oxygen
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Are rales (moist crackles in lungs) considered a normal condition?
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No lungs should be dry and clear
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What is anaphylaxis?
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Severe allergic reaction
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What are common assessment findings of anaphylaxis?
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Cardiac and respiratory distress, facial swelling, vomitting and abdominal pain
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What are 4 causes of anaphylaxis?
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Latex
insect bites food medication |
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What is urticaria
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Hives - raised itchy red welts on skin surface caused by allergic reaction
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What is pruritus
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Itching
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What is hypothermia
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Low body temperature/excessive heat loss
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Name two primary areas of the body that are vulneralble in hypothermia
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Back of neck
head |
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Why are patients requested to record the time of blow movements when wearing a holter monitor?
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Bowel movements increase HR. (due to valsalva)
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Vagal stimulation of the heart will?
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Decrease HR in SA node (Vagus is a parasympathetic nerve)
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The RV is approximately how many times thinner than the LV
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two to three times
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How many lung lobes are there typically on the left and right side of the sternum?
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Right = 3
left = 2 |
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What are these measurements of:
mm? CC? CM*? |
Mm = distance
cc= volume cm* = area |
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What layer of the heart makes the heart contract?
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Myocardium
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What is the thick middle layer of the heart called?
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Myocardium
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What are the sections of the aorta?
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Aortic root
Annulus sinus of valsalva sinotubidal junction Ascending aorta aortic arch descending aoirta |
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What are the boundaries of the ascending aorta?
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Aortic root to the 1st branch of aortic arch (brachiocephalic)
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What are the boundaries of the aortic arch?
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Brachiocephalic to Lt subclavian
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How many cm in a meter?
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100
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How many cm in 2 meters?
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200
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What is the name of the valve by the IVC
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Eustachian valve
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The normal range for WBCs in adult males
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5000-10000
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What are the 3 common sense principals of transporting patients?
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1. always get adequate assistance when necessary
2. use lower body strength (legs) 3. When moving ambulatory patients from wheelchair to bed - bend knees and put 1 foot between their legs and the other close to bed |
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How do you transport patients involving wheelchairs?
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Lock big wheels and move foot rest to the side
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When entering an elevator with a patient in a wheel chair you should?
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Back in for quick and safe exit
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What are the 3 main methods of oxygen administration used in medical setting?
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nasal cannula
nasal prong tank |
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What are the 3 planes that are used to describe the body in relation to anatomic structures?
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Dorsal
Ventral cranial caudal |
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What direction correlates to dorsal
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Posterior
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What direction correlates to ventral
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Anterior
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What direction correlates to cranial
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Superior
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What direction correlates to caudal
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Inferior
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What system is the liver, pancreas endocrine glands thymus gland and gallbladder part of
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Digestive system
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What are the precordial leads?
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Chest leads
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What term corresponds to towards midline
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Medial
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What term corresponds to away from midline
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Lateral
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What term corresponds to close to a location
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Proximal
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What term corresponds to further away from the location
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Distal
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The major pathway of blood circulation to the brain is through the ....
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Carotid arteries
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When a patient is in respiratory distress, what are a few ways in which they could be positioned to help with breathing?
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Sitting up
45 degree angle mid fowlers (semi-sitting) Reverse trendlenberg (head up) |
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If a patient is in shock what would be a good position to put them in?
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Trendlenburg (legs elevated)
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What are teh 5 areas of electrical conduction pathway?
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SA Node
AV node bundle of hiss left/right bundle branches purkinje fibers |
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Should IV bags be kept above, at level or below the level of the IV site?
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Above
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If a patient has a foley catheter in place, should the bag be placed above, level with or below the waist?
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Below the waist
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What is malpractice?
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Harmful practice that injures another person
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What is consent
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Permission granted voluntarily and in sound mind
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What is the primary goal of the code of ethics
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Moral obligation to do good.
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What is the difference between negligence and liability?
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Liability = legally responsible for our actions towards patients
Negligence = doing something we should NOT do or not doing something we SHOULD do |
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What is the purpose of quality assurance program?
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Monitor and help patients receive optimal care
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Name 3 guidelines for chartiing health care records
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- must be kept at all times
- chart is considered property of the facility - do not chart before an event occurs |
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Name the government agency having the legal responsibilty for enforcing proper drug manufacture and clinical use?
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FDA food & drug administration
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If a patient feels faint during a blood draw or IV insertion what might help?
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Have patient put head between knees
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What are the different EKG intervals and segments
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P wave = atrial kick
QRS - IVCT ST Segment = ejection End T --> Q wave = diastole PR interval PR Segment QT interval |
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What is longer a segment or an interval
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Interval
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What is pulses paradoxus?
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The blood pressure that changes with respiration.
Blood pressure decreases more than 10 mmHg during inspiration (systolic pressure) |
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What 3 factors influence resistence to blood flow?
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Radium
Viscosity length of vessel |
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What vessel has the greatest influence on total vascular resistence?
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Arterioles. They determine the amount of blood going to tissues
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What are the 3 types of electrical injury involving hands and feet? Which is considered deadly?
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1) foot to foot
2) hand to foot 3) hand to hand **most deadly |
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What is the reason heart valves open and close?
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pressure gradient
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What are the mean intracardiac pressures for each chamber of the heart?
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RA = 6 mmHg
LA = 10 RV 25/5 LV 120/7 AoV 120/80 PulV 25/10 |
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What is an aneroid sphygmomanometer?
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Blood pressure machine/inflatable cuff
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What is considered the normal value for blood pressures
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120/10
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Define asepsis
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Freedom from infection
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Immunity
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High level of resistence to certain microorganism
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Define sterile
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free from all living microorganism
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Define pathogen
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microorganism that produces disease
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