Cardiovascular Pathology Vascular Disease

Front 1

What are the risk factors of hypertension?

Back 1

Age, obesity, diabetes, smoking, genetics, black > white > Asian

Front 2

What does hypertension predispose to?

Back 2

Atherosclerosis, stroke, CHF, renal failure, retinopathy, aortic dissection

Front 3

What is aortic dissection associated with?

Back 3

Hypertension and Marfan's syndrome (cystic medial necrosis)

Front 4

List the risk factors of atherosclerosis

Back 4

Smoking, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, family history

Front 5

Briefly describe the progression of atherosclerosis

Back 5

Endothelial cell dysfunction --> macrophage and LDL accumulation --> foam cell formation --> fatty streaks --> smooth muscle migration --> fibrous plaque --> complex atheroma

Front 6

What are the complications of atherosclerosis?

Back 6

Aneurysm, ischemia, infarct, peripheral vascular disease, thrombus, emboli

Front 7

List the most common locations of atherosclerosis in order of frequency

Back 7

Abdominal aorta > coronary artery > popliteal > carotid artery

Front 8

What is Virchow's triad?

Back 8

Predisposition to deep venous thrombosis: Stasis, Hypercoagulability, Endothelial damage

Front 9

Disease: nosebleeds and skin discoloration. Affects which vessels?

Back 9

Osler-Weber-Rendu (AD): hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia; small vessels

Front 10

Disease: decreased blood flow in response to cold temperature or emotional stress. Affects which vessels?

Back 10

Raynaud's disease, can be secondary to mixed connective tissues disease, SLE, or CREST; small vessels

Front 11

Disease: perforation of nasal septum, chronic sinusitis, otitis media, mastoiditis, cough, dyspnea, hemoptysis, hematuria. What vessels does it affect?

Back 11

Wegener's granulomatosis: necrotizing vasculitis, necrotizing granulomas in lung and upper airway, necrotizing glomerolunephritis; small vessels

Front 12

Disease: c-ANCA, hematuria, red cell casts, large nodular densities on chest x-ray. Affects which vessels?

Back 12

Wegener's granulomatosis: necrotizing vasculitis, necrotizing granulomas in lung and upper airway, necrotizing glomerolunephritis; small vessels

Front 13

Tx: Wegener's granulomatosis

Back 13

Cyclophosphamide and corticosteroids

Front 14

Disease: p-ANCA

Back 14

Small vessels: microscopic polyangiitis (vasculitis, lung and upper airway, kidney, no granulomas), primary pauci-immnue crescentic glomerulonephritis (kidney), Churg-Strauss syndrome (lung, heart, skin, kidneys, nerves; often affects atopic patients; granulomatous vasculitis with eosinophilia)

Front 15

Disease: port-wine stain, leptomeningeal angiomatosis. Affects what vessels?

Back 15

Sturge-Weber (congenital); small vessels (capillaries)

Front 16

Disease: palpable purpura, arthalgia, intestinal hemorrhage, abdominal pain, melena. Vessels?

Back 16

Henoch-Schonlein purpura; small vessels

Front 17

Vascular disease: multiple lesions of the same age in small vessels, follows upper respiratory tract infection in child

Back 17

Henoch-Schonlein purpura

Front 18

Disease: intermittent claudication, superficial nodular phlebitis, Raynaud's phenomenon, severe pain in affected part, can lead to gangrene. Affects which vessels?

Back 18

Buerger's disease; small and medium vessels - segmental, thrombosing vasculitis of small and medium peripheral arteries and veins

Front 19

Vascular disease: segmental, thrombosing vasculitis of small and medium peripheral arteries and veins

Back 19

Buerger's disease

Front 20

What is the cause and tx of Buerger's disease?

Back 20

Smoking; Stop smoking

Front 21

Disease: acute, self-limiting disease of infants/kids, fever, congested conjunctiva, strawberry tongue, lymphadenitis. Vessels?

Back 21

Kawasaki disease; small and medium vessels - acute necrotizing vasculitis

Front 22

What are the complications of Kawasaki disease?

Back 22

Usually self-limiting, can develop coronary aneurysms

Front 23

Disease: fever, weight loss, malaise, abdominal pain, melena, headache, myalgia, hypertension, neurologic dysfunction, cutaneous eruptions. Vessels?

Back 23

Polyarteritis nodosa; medium arteries - typically renal and visceral vessels

Front 24

Disease: multiple lesions of different ages in medium arteries

Back 24

Polyarteritis nodosa

Front 25

What vascular disease is called by immune complex deposition causing necrotizing inflammation of medium-sized muscular arteries?

Back 25

Polyarteritis nodosa

Front 26

Disease: hepatis B seropositivty (30% of patients), multiple aneurysms and constrictions on arteriogram

Back 26

Polyarteritis nodosa

Front 27

Tx: polyarteritis nodosa

Back 27

Corticosteroids, cyclophosphamide

Front 28

Disease: fever, arthritis, night sweats, myalgias, skin nodules, ocular disturbances, weak pulses in upper extremities, asian females <40 years old. Affects which arteries?

Back 28

Takayasu's arteritis; medium and large arteries - granulomatous thickening of aortic arch and/or proximal great vessels

Front 29

Disease: unilateral headache, jaw claudication, impaired vision, increased ESR, polymyalgia rheumatica. Vessels?

Back 29

Temporal (giant cell) arteritis; medium and large arteries - granulomatous thickening of aortic arch and/or proximal great vessels

Front 30

Tx: Temporal arteritis

Back 30

high dose steroids