Campbell Biology Chapter 26

Front 1

taxonomy

Back 1

A scientific discipline concerned with naming and classifying the diverse forms of life.

Front 2

binomial

Back 2

The two-part latinized name of a species, consisting of the genus and specific epithet.

Front 3

clade

Back 3

A group of species that includes an ancestral species and all its descendants.

Front 4

systematics

Back 4

A scientific discipline focused on classifying organisms and determining their evolutionary relationships.

Front 5

phylogeny

Back 5

The evolutionary history of a species or group of related species.

Front 6

paraphyletic

Back 6

Pertaining to a group of taxa that consists of a common ancestor and some, but not all, of its descendants.

Front 7

polyphyletic group

Back 7

Pertaining to a group of taxa derived from two or more different ancestors.

Front 8

morphological homologies

Back 8

Similarities in morphology between species that are due to a common ancestor

Front 9

molecular homologies

Back 9

Species that share DNA base sequences probably have a common ancestor

Front 10

monophyletic,

Back 10

Pertaining to a group of taxa that consists of a common ancestor and all its descendants. A monophyletic taxon is equivalent to a clade

Front 11

paraphyletic,

Back 11

Pertaining to a group of taxa that consists of a common ancestor and some, but not all, of its descendants.

Front 12

polyphyletic group

Back 12

Pertaining to a group of taxa derived from two or more different ancestors.

Front 13

maximum parsimony

Back 13

A principle that states that when considering multiple explanations for an observation, one should first investigate the simplest explanation that is consistent with the facts.

Front 14

maximum likelihood

Back 14

As applied to systematics, a principle that states that when considering multiple phylogenetic hypotheses, one should take into account the hypothesis that reflects the most likely sequence of evolutionary events, given certain rules about how DNA changes over time.

Front 15

orthologous genes

Back 15

Homologous genes that are found in different species because of speciation.

Front 16

paralagous genes

Back 16

Homologous genes that are found in the same genome as a result of gene duplication.

Front 17

horizontal gene transfer

Back 17

The transfer of genes from one genome to another through mechanisms such as transposable elements, plasmid exchange, viral activity, and perhaps fusions of different organisms.