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126 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
By focusing on discovering the source of the phenomenon, the study demonstrates traits of |
Exploration |
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By indicating the phenomenon is currently unexplained, the study demonstrates what intent? |
Exploratory |
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3 Characteristics of Emic Perspective |
1. Insider's Perspective 2. Meanings and views of people being studied 3. Getting inside the heads of group members |
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Examples of Emic perspective |
Local languages, forms of expression, jargon/slang |
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Characteristics of Etic Perspective |
1. External, social scientific perspective 2. Perspective of objective researcher 3. Use social scientific concepts, terms and procedures to describe and explain behavior 4. Used to bring research questions from outside |
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A researcher is seeking out multiple studies on a specific topic. What is the most applicable to their search? |
Research Literature |
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Which of the following is NOT usually found in a research study's abstract? -Methods Used -Conflicting Studies -Purpose or goal -Concise results |
Conflicting studies |
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Of the different forms of explanatory research, ______ studies are generally believed to be the strongest for establishing cause-and-effect relationships. |
Experimental |
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The ultimate goal of exploratory research is to provide what for researchers? |
Understanding |
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_________ research type is best utilized at solving pressing local issues within educational communities |
Action |
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Applied research (e.g. action research) seeks to answer questions in a _______ setting |
real-world |
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Each of these is a characteristic of epistemology, except which of the following? -Process of knowledge generation -Mysteries of knowledge's origin -Standards for judging knowledge |
Mysteries of knowledge's origin |
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What source of knowledge asserts that "many truths are knowable independent of observation"? |
Rationalism |
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What source of knowledge contends that knowledge comes from experience, which is developed through observation? |
Epiricism |
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What kind of logic do confirmatory researchers follow in designing and carrying out studies? |
Justification |
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Science can answer many questions in life, including each of the following except: -What is the meaning of life? -What is the purpose of leopard's spots? -What is the cause of hurricanes/monsoons |
What is the meaning of life? |
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When evaluating a particular theory, which would NOT be a suitable question to ask? -Is it logical and coherent? -Has it endured falsification attempts? -Does it provide irrefutable assertions? |
Does it provide irrefutable assertions? |
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The phrase, "This research study provides findings to support..." is reflective of what principle? |
Evidence |
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If one theory is "simple and succinct" when judged against similar theories, it is considered |
Parsimonious |
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Quantitative researchers are tasked with testing hypotheses through the application of what data? |
Empirical |
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For researchers looking to gather information regarding study participant opinions, which of the following tools would be recommended? -Grading Scales -Weighted Scales -Rating Scales |
Rating scales |
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True or False: In studying specific phenomena, quantitative researchers attempt to include as much personal bias into the given situation |
False |
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When quantitative researchers establish the rate of environmental factor rates, which of the following processes takes place? -Identification -Determinism -Explanation |
Determinism |
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Quantitative observation involves the standardization of all observational procedures, including all of the following except what? -Who is being observed -Why observations are taking place -When observations occur |
Why observations are taking place |
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In data collection of quantitative studies, nonrandom samples are also referred to as what? |
Biased samples |
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What is the relationship between variables and constants? |
A constant is a single value of the larger variable group |
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Which of the following is NOT a function of variables in quantitative research? -Constructing experiments -Comprehending existing studies -Discrediting experiments |
Discrediting experiments |
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Mediating variables are also known as |
Intervening variables |
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A variable which controls the change of relationship between the IV and DV is known as....? |
Moderator variable |
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What is the hallmark of nonexperimental research studies? |
No manipulation of an independent variable |
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What information is not provided by a correlation coefficient? |
Amount of variables |
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What is a key problem with two-variable cases of nonexperimental research? |
Unclear temporal order of the variables |
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When based on random samples, quantitative research is very useful for making what? |
Statistical generalizations about populations |
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A weakness of quantitative research studies is the possibility of producing what? |
Overly abstract theories |
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Qualitative researchers try to understand multiple layers of reality in research settings. What are 3 examples of these layers? |
-Types of people in a group -Established cultural norms -Relationships between participants |
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What are 3 common objectives of qualitative research? |
-Holistic descriptions -Unobtrusive observation -Naturalistic observation |
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Ontology and epistemology are examples of ________ within the context of research |
Assumptions |
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When a specific culture's language differentiates one concept (e.g. snow) into many varied types not recognized in outside populations, this is known as |
linguistic-relativity |
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In qualitative data collection, which term refers to participants' self-reporting instruments |
Questonnaires |
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After selecting a research topic, what is the next major step in the process of a qualitative study? |
Determine research questions |
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"Postmodernism" emphasizes the primacy of individuality, fragmentation, constant change and _____ |
flux |
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The theoretical framework of "Grounded Theory" originates from ________ |
Sociology |
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The qualitative analysis strategy focusing on complex interdependencies and system dynamics is __________ |
Holistic perspective |
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What theoretical framework utilizes coding to build explanatory models during the data analysis phase? |
Grounded Theory |
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Qualitative studies can often suffer from what limitation? |
Lower credibility with some authorities |
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The _______ of qualitative research contends that knowledge is socially constructed and relativistic |
Epistemology |
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Perspectives on ___________ in qualitative studies are fluid and highly contextualized in qualitative research, providing researchers with many situational perspectives |
Thought & Behavior |
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The _________ of qualitative studies involve a "wide-angle" lens to capture the entirety of a phenomenon |
Research Focus |
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____________ in qualitative research emphasizes individuals' personal realities and truths rather than objective or universal ones. |
Ontology |
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A study uses qualitative observation methods, followed by quantitative data analysis methods. This is an example of what kind of study conduct? |
Sequential |
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By combining two or more research methods in a research study, researchers can make it less likely that what will happen? |
They will make a mistake |
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Mixed research considers human thought and behavior to be partially predictable and have many sources of influence. _____ Is also a view of behavior held by mixed researchers. |
Dynamic |
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If a mixed research study uses a nested concurrent sampling design, then what best represents this design? |
Quantitative and qualitative data being collected at the same time, but with the qualitative sample being a subset of the quantitative sample |
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What is an important consideration before making the final decision to design a mixed study? |
Make sure the study being planned is feasible |
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When qualitative and quantitative data are analyzed using qualitative techniques within a single study, this is reflective of..... |
Multidata-Monoanalysis |
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When quantitative and qualitative data analysis techniques are used in the same research study, this is an example of.... |
Multianlysis |
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Some details of mixed research remains to be worked out by research methodologists, including what 3 things? |
-Paradigm mixing -How to interpret conflicting results -Techniques for qualitatively analyzing quantitative data |
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An action researcher develops an action research attitude when they consider what 3 things? |
-Areas of possible improvement -Unique tactics to attempt -Potential consequences |
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The scientific method, in the words of John Dewey, serves what unique purpose? |
Inquiry |
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The phrase "The problem seems to be..." is reflective of which phase of Deweyan process of inquiry? |
The location and definition of the problem |
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Which of Kurt Lewin's theories held that "where we are right now and what we routinely do in our lives tends not to change very much"? |
Force field theory |
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The diagram illustrating the enterprise of educational science is known as the _____ |
Deweyan process of inquiry |
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Action research shares certain characteristics with qualitative research, such as focus on _____ |
local problems |
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Action researchers are often interested in testing hypotheses and making generalizations beyond immediate research participants. This is usually accomplished using _______ |
Inferential statistics |
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The question "What needs to change in the theory or explanation?" is an example of what phase of the action research cycle? |
reflect |
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The action plan is created in what phase of the action research cycle? |
Plan |
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If an action researcher team is considering study issues occurring in a large-scale environment- such as lower-income school district- which scope of action research is most appropriate for their investigation? |
Systemwide |
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Name 2 focuses of critical action research |
-Reducing Discrimination -Reduction of inequality of income |
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Like other research methods, action research as some limitations, including what 3 things? |
-Less scientific objectivity -Weaker research designs -Less rigorous measurement criteria |
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The phrase "data from control and experimental groups" is reflective of what research approach? |
Experimental |
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A research study attempting to understand attitudes in elementary teachers towards the addition of Pre-K and Pre3-K (for 3-year-olds) is reflective of what scientific method? |
Exploratory |
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Mixed research is characterized by utilizing techniques and methods of both quantitative and qualitative approaches. _________ also makes use of this range of options |
Action research |
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Mixed research studies share what study result characteristic with both action and qualitative approaches? |
Local perspectives |
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The phrase "test data from before and after intervention" is reflective of what research approach? |
Action |
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According to the module, the flowchart of the development of a research idea goes in what order? |
R=Research R Topic, R Problem, R Purpose, R Question, and Hypothesis |
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What is a main reason for conducting literature reviews in quantitative research? |
To gain an understanding of the current state of knowledge in the area. |
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The primary reason for doing a literature review for a quantitative study is to..... |
Gain an understanding of the current state of knowledge in the area |
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What is reflective of literature reviews? |
They can be included in a research proposal, an empirical journal article, or can be a standalone article |
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Annotated bibliographies have many traits including these 2.... |
-Reference list of article summaries -Being working documents that can be used to help write a literature review |
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Meta-analysis is a technique that synthesizes a large amount of _____ research |
Quantitative |
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What is a unique characteristic of action research questions, when contrasted with quantitative and qualitative methods? |
They are more fluid |
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When a researcher utilizes a hybrid of quantitative approaches to create a research problem, _______ research is reflective of this |
Mixed |
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What is a criterion hypotheses must meet? |
Can be confirmed or refuted |
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A principal emphasis of quantitative research problems is best expressed by _________ |
The need to explain or predict |
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In a ______ study there is typically a specific way of analyzing each type of data, whereas in a _____ study there are often multiple "right" ways of analyzing the data |
Quantitative; Qualitative |
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A researcher's explanation and rationalization for using achievement tests in their proposed study would typically be included in what section of a proposal? |
Instrument/Apparatus |
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If a researcher plans to use a questionnaire or a standardized test in their proposed study, which section would they include a description and justification of it? |
Instrument/Apparatus |
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What is reflective of the concept of confidentiality? |
Protecting research participants' identities from anyone other than the researcher and their team |
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The utilitarianism approach to ethics argues that _________ |
Ethical judgements are dependent on costs and benefits of research |
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Beneficence, or striving to act for the benefit of other in the world, is discussed in what AERA guiding ethical principles? |
Social Responsibility |
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A teacher leading a lesson of guidelines for determining a person's height is instructing their class on _________ |
Measurement |
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If a track coach measures just the order of finish of people in a 5k jogging race, what would be the best choice to use |
Ordinal |
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A researcher administers the two different tests on a single topic to a group of people in order to determine consistency of the scores. The researcher is trying to assess what reliability? |
Equivalent forms |
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What validity evidence refers to the degree to which the test items are a good sample of the entire domain of interest? |
Content-Related |
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An assessment is considered homogeneous, if ________ |
the test measures a single construct |
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Observation and questionnaires are both examples of ______ methods |
data collection |
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If a researcher conducts an observation of study participants without advance specification of techniques, this is reflective of what observation? |
Qualitative |
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________ if a data collection method that examines how a cluster of research participants thinks and feels about a topic |
Focus Groups |
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What data collection type can be performed in person or over the telephone? |
Interviews |
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Aptitude and diagnostic are examples of what kind of data collection method? |
Tests |
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Sampling allows researchers to make _____ about a larger population |
Generalizations |
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Statistics are _____ characteristics of research samples |
numerical |
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What are 3 varieties of simple random sampling? |
-Systematic -Stratified -Cluster |
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The purpose of random assignment is to produce ______ similar to each other at the beginning of the experiment |
Comparison Groups |
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The soundness of the methods that researchers use to estimate the degree of the association between independent and dependent variables involves what validity? |
Statistical conclusion |
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Generalizing validity is another term for ___ validity |
External |
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If the inference made from the results of a study is correct, then the study has ___________ validity |
Research validity |
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Internal validity in qualitative research refers to..... |
The validity of cause and effect conclusions |
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If researchers have addressed the interests, values, and viewpoints of multiple stakeholders in your mixed research study, then they have attained what validity? |
Sociopolitical validity |
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Validity that makes use of both the emic and etic viewpoints is called _______ validity |
Inside-Outside validity |
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A researcher interested in the effects of Pre-K and Pre-3K (for 3-year-olds) classes on student achievement in third grade would most likely choose _____ research approach |
Quantitative |
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Action research studies share what elemental characteristic with qualitative and mixed methods research approaches? |
Multiple Perspectives |
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Describe what an experiment involves |
Studying a phenomenon under strictly controlled conditions |
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What is the hallmark of nonexperimental research studies? |
No manipulation of an independent variable |
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A researcher wants to study 3 men who went to the same high school and became world famous writers. This is an example of what type of qualitative research? |
Case Study |
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What characterizes action research |
Reflective practitioners seeking change |
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Which type of statistics summarizes variables in a data set? |
Descriptive |
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The graph that uses blocks to represent categorical data is called a....... |
bar graph |
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Line graphs can be used to depict: |
-Single variable -More than one variable -Trends over time |
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In data analysis, the mean is |
the arithmetic average |
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Given a negatively skewed distribution of scores, what statement is true? |
The mode is larger than the median |
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What is provided by a measure of central tendency? |
A single value considered most typical of the values of a variable |
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The median is the best measure of central tendency when..... |
the data are highly skewed |
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What are the 2 subfields in inferential statistics?
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-Estimation -Hypothesis Testing |
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What does a researcher typically endeavor to do in hypothesis testing? |
Reject the null hypothesis |
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The statement that the population parameter is some value other than the value stated by the null hypothesis is called..... |
Alternative hypothesis |