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89 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Where is the brain derived from?
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Neural tube rostral (cranial) to the 4th pair of somites.
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What are the three primary vesicles?
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Prosencephalon
Mesencephalon Rhombencephalon |
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What are the five secondary vesicles?
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Telencephalon
Diencephalon Mesencephalon Metencephalon Mylencephalon |
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What does the telencephalon give rise to in the adult?
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Cerebral cortex
Basal ganglia Lateral ventricles are remnant of vesicle |
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What does the diencephalon give rise to in the adult?
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Thalamus
Hypothalamus Pineal Third ventricle remnant of vesicle |
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What is the function of the precentral gyrus?
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primary motor
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What is the function of the postcentral gyrus?
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sensory
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What is the function of the gyrus of the temporal lobe?
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Auditory
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What is the function of the occipital lobe, banks of calcarine fissure?
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Vision
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What is an upper motor neuron?
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Axons that leave the cortex, descend in the internal capsule, through the cerebral peduncle, into the pons and medulla where they are in the pyramids. The fibers cross (90%) in the pyramidal decussation.
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Where do upper motor neurons travel and synapse?
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Descend in the lateral corticospinal tract and synapse on motor neurons in the ventral horn.
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What is the purpose of the lateral tract of the corticospinal tract?
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Lateral tract – crossed
Innervates motor neurons of limbs (lower motor neurons) |
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What is the purpose of the anterior (medial) corticospinal tract?
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anterior (medial) tract – uncrossed
Innervates trunk muscles = axial muscles |
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What is the postcentral gyrus?
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Brodmann’s areas 3,1,2 is primary sensory cortex
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What are the two major sensory pathways of the postcentral gyrus?
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Dorsal columns
Anteriolateral Systems cross either in the brainstem (dorsal columns) or in the spinal cord (anterolateral system) Relay through the thalamus |
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What does the dorsal column pathway do?
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discriminative touch, proprioception, and vibratory sense
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What does the anteriolateral column pathway do?
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crude touch, pain and temperature
Also called spinothalamic system |
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What is found in the mesencephalon?
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Cerebral peduncles
Interpeduncular fossa Copora quadrigemini Superior colliculi Inferior colliculi |
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What is found in the metencephalon?
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Pons
Cerebellum |
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What is found in the medulla oblongata?
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Inferior olive
Pyramids |
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What are the two arterial systems that contribute to the blood supply of the brain?
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Internal carotid artery
Vertebral artery |
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What is the course of the internal carotid artery?
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Comes off common carotid artery
Enters cranial cavity via the carotid canal |
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What does the internal carotid supply?
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Supplies primarily the orbit, eye and anterior/middle brain
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What is the course of the vertebral artery?
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1st branch of subclavian artery
Travels through the transverse foramina of C6-C1 Enters the cranial cavity via the foramen magnum Gives rise to three branches then fuses to form the basilar artery on the inferior surface of the pons Enters foramen magnum Joins artery of opposite side to form basilar artery |
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What does the vertebral artery supply?
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Posterior division of brain also getting the brainstem predominately
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What are the three branches of the vertebral artery?
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Anterior spinal artery
Posterior spinal artery Posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) |
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What is the most common brainstem lesion?
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PICA lesion
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What is the course of the basilar artery?
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Travels rostrally on the anterior aspect of the pons
Gives rise to paired branches from caudal to rostral |
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What are the paired branches that the basilar artery gives rise to?
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Anterior inferior cerebellar arteries
Pontine arteries (about 3) Superior cerebellar arteries |
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What is the course of the internal carotid artery?
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Enters the cranial cavity via the carotid canal
Passes through the cavernous sinus First branch is the ophthalmic artery Terminal branches |
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What are the terminal branches of the internal carotid?
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Posterior communicating artery
Middle cerebral artery - lateral aspect of cerebrum Anterior cerebral artery - medial aspect of cerebrum |
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What is the circle of Willis formed by?
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Anterior communicating connects left and right anterior cerebral arteries
Posterior communicating arteries, one on each side, connects the internal carotid to the posterior cerebral artery |
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What is the circle of Willis?
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Forms at the base of the brain.
Anastomosis between the vertebrobasilar and internal carotid systems |
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What are the two layers of dura mater?
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Outer - periosteal
Inner - meningeal layer |
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Periosteal layer of dura mater
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firmly attached to the skull
Continuous with periosteum of outer skull at the foramen magnum |
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Meningeal layer of dura mater
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Close contact with arachnoid mater
Continuous with the spinal dura mater through the foramen magnum |
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What are the specializations of the dura maters?
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Dural partitions - Inward projections of dura that separate parts of the brain
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What are the attachments of the falx cerebri?
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Projects downward between the cerebral hemispheres
Attached anteriorly to the Crista galli of the ethmoid bone and the frontal crest of the frontal bone Posteriorly, attaches and blends with the tentorium cerebelli |
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What are the attachments of the tentorium cerebelli?
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Attached posteriorly to the occipital bone.
Laterally attaches to the superior border of the petrous part of the temporal bone. Anterior and medial borders are free forming the tentorial notch through which the midbrain passes. |
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What part of the cerebral hemispheres overlies the tentorum cerebelli?
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Posterior lobes
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What structures pass through the tentorial notch?
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Midbrain
Basilar artery |
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What is the cavity above the tentorial notch?
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Supratentorial
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What is the area below the tentorial nothc?
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Infratentorial
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What is a transtentorial herniation?
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Herniation of medial temporal lobe and uncus through the notch.
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What is the falx cerebelli?
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Small midline projection of meningeal dura in the posterior cranial fossa.
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What are the attachments of the falx cerebelli?
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Attached posteriorly to the internal occipital crest of the occipital bone.
Superiorly attached to the tentorium cerebelli. |
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What is the diaphragma sellae?
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Small horizontal shelf of meningeal dura mater that covers the hypophyseal fossa of the sella turcica.
Infundibulum passes through a small opening in the sella turcica. |
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What is the arterial supply of the dura mater from the anterior cranial fossa?
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Anterior meningeal arteries
Branches of ethmoidal arteries |
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What is the arterial supply of the dura mater from the middle cranial fossa?
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Middle and accessory meningeal
Branches of maxillary artery Middle enters skull through the foramen spinosum Accessory enters through the foramen ovale |
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What is the arterial supply of the dura mater from the posterior cranial fossa?
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Branch of the ascending pharyngeal artery
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What is the cause of headaches?
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Stretching of the dura mater
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What is the innervation of the dura mater?
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Mostly innervated by the trigeminal nerve except for the posterior fossa
Cervical nerves 2 and 3 innervate the posterior fossa below the tentorium Fibers enter via foramen magnum, hypoglossal canal and jugular foramen. |
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What are the two parts to the arachnoid mater?
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Avascular membrane
Suparachnoid space |
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Where do blood vessels travel in the arachnoid mater?
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In the subarachnoid space
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What are the dural venous sinuses?
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Endothelial lined spaces between layers of dura.
Empty into the internal jugular veins via the jugular foramen. |
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What do the dural sinuses include?
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Superior sagittal, inferior sagittal, straight, transverse, sigmoid, confluence of sinuses, cavernous sinus, sphenoparietal sinus, superior petrosal, inferior petrosal and basilar sinuses
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Where are the cavernous sinuses?
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The two cavernous sinuses lie lateral to the body of the sphenoid bone on either side of the sella turcica
VERY IMPORTANT CLINICALLY |
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What passes through the cavernous sinus?
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Internal carotid artery
Abducens nerve |
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What is in the wall of the cavernous sinus?
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Oculomotor nerve
Trochlear nerve Trigeminal, ophthalmic division (V1) Trigeminal, maxillary division (V2) |
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Where are the lateral ventricles?
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Cerebral hemispheres
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Where is the 3rd ventricle?
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Between the diencephalons
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Where is the 4th ventricle?
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Region of pons below cerebellum (rhomboid fossa)
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What is the foramen of monro?
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The area where the lateral ventricles drain into the 3rd
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What is the aqueduct of Sylvius?
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Cerebral aqueduct connecting 3rd and 4th ventricle
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CSF flow
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Flows via the foramina of Monro to the third ventricle
From third ventricle, flows via the aqueduct of Sylvius to the 4th ventricle Leaves the 4th ventricle via the median foramen of Magendie and the two lateral foramina of Lushka into the cisterna magna Reabsorbed in the arachnoid villi in the superior sagittal sinus |
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Where is CSF made?
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In the lateral ventricles, not uncommon to see it in the 4th ventricle as well
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How much CSF is made per day?
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500 cc
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What does mesencephalon give rise to in the adult?
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Midbrain
Cerebral aqueduct (aqueduct of Sylvius) is remnant of vesicle |
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What does metencephalon give rise to in the adult?
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Pons
Cerebellum 4th ventricle is remnant of vesicle |
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What does the mylencephalon give rise to in the adult?
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Medulla oblongata
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What divides the precentral and postcentral gyri?
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Central sulcus
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What sulcus divides the temporal lobe away from the others?
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Lateral sulcus
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What sulcus divides the two hemispheres?
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Lateral sulcus
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What is the function of the temporal lobe?
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Memory (has hippocampus in it)
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Where is the primary motor cortex?
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In the prefrontal gyrus.
Brodmann's area 4 |
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How many neurons are involved in ascending sensory pathways?
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3 neurons.
2nd order neuron is in cord 3rd order neuron is in thalamus to cortex |
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Where do the striate arteries go?
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Deep into the substance of the brain.
Some off the middle cerebral artery. |
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What are the branches of the anterior cerebral artery?
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Callosomarginal artery
Pericallosal artery |
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What is the branch of the posterior cerebral artery?
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Calcarine artery - visual system
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What is the falx cerebri and tentorum cerebelli innervated by?
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Opthalmic division of trigeminal nerve
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What is the medial lesser wing of the sphenoid innervated by?
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Maxillary nerve
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What is the lateral lesser wing of the sphenoid innervated by?
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Mandibular nerve
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What is the falx cerebelli and space below the tentorum cerebelli innervated by?
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Cervical nerves
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Where does the inferior sagittal sinus drain?
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Straight sinus
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Where does the superior sagittal sinus drain?
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Into the confluence of sinuses
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Where does the great vein of Galin drain?
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Straight sinus
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Where does the inferior petrosal sinus drain?
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Transverse sinus
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Where does the sphenoparietal sinus drain?
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Cavernous sinus
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What is the torcular herophili?
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Confluent sinus
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