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105 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
arm |
extends from the base to the optical parts of the microscope and supports the stage |
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base |
the bottom of the scope that supports the arm and contains the illuminator |
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coarse focus adjustment |
rapidly moves the stage to up or down for focusing, use only in the scanning objective |
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condenser |
a lens below the stage that concentrates the illuminator's light on the specimen being viewed
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diaphragm adjustment lever |
opens or closes an iris near the condenser, to adjust the amount of light on the specimen; different settings for each objective
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eyepiece/ocular lens |
magnifies the image of your specimen by the amount indicated on the side of the eyepiece |
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field of vision (FOV) |
The entire image that you see when you look into a mircoscope |
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fine focus adjustment |
slowly moves the stage up or down to fine tune the focus after you change from one objective to another |
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high power (40x) |
only used after the low power objective, use fine focus only |
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illuminator |
the light source for the microscope |
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low power (10x) |
only used after scanning, use fine focus only |
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nosepiece |
set of revolving objective lenses |
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scanning objective (4x) |
always used first, can use coarse and fine focus |
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stage |
the platform that holds a slide |
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collenchyma |
give flexible support to expanding leaves, stems, and petioles - unevenly thick wall, only primary wall - alive at maturity
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Companion Cell |
contain nucleas and energy making components needed for the sieve element |
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cuticle |
coat primary plant body with hydrophobic waterproofing layer |
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cortex |
meant for storage, usually contains parenchyma cells |
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dermal tissue |
"skin", covers the plant body, aborbs water, minimizes water loss, regulates gas exchange, protection against herbivores |
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epidermis |
single layer of cells covering primary plant body |
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fiber |
a type of sclerenchyma cell, long & thin, usually near vascular tissue - useful fibers include jute, hemp, & flax |
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ground tissue |
comprises most of plant bod, for support, storage, and PS |
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meristematic tissue |
where cell division occurs for growth |
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parenchyma |
most numerous and versatile cell type, used for PS in leaves & stems, storage - alive at maturity - only thin primary wall |
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perforation plate |
found in sieve elements, has thin walls |
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periderm |
the outer layer of woody tissues, consists of phelloderm, cork, and cork cambium |
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primary pholem |
Transports sugar from surplus to where they are needed |
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secondary pholem |
inner most layer of bark |
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pit |
tracheids use these connections to transport water from tracheid to tracheid |
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sclereid |
type of sclerenchyma, irregular shapes single, single or layers, often in hard parts of seeds or fruits |
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sclerenchyma |
type of cell used for support or physically protect non-growing parts in leaves, stems, roots, bark, seed coats, fruits |
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sieve element |
contains primary cell wall and cytosol |
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sieve plate |
thin end wall with large perforations |
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Primary growth |
for lengthing of the plant |
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secondary growth |
for growing of the thickness of the plant |
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tracheid |
long, narrow, tapered cells , transports water |
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vascular tissue |
"plumbing", transports water, nutrients and carbohydrates |
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vessel element |
only in angiosperms, transport more water and more effeciently |
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secondary xylem |
wood |
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primary xylem |
transport water throughout the plant |
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cotyledon |
embryonic leaves |
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epicotyl |
stem above the cotyledon |
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ground meristem |
becomes ground tissue |
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hilium |
scar where the supply of nutrients and wastes come from |
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hypocotyl |
transition from stem to root |
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microphyle |
hole through which the pollen tube delivered the sperm |
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procambium |
becomes vascular tissue |
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protoderm |
becomes the epidermis |
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radicle |
embryonic root |
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seed coat |
outside covering |
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axillary bud |
bud for growth on every branch |
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axillay bud primordia |
immature axillary bud |
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axillary meristem |
place where growth of an axillary bud happens |
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corm |
vertical underground fleshy stem
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internode |
region between nodes |
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leaf scar |
where a leaf dropped off |
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lenticel |
bumps on the bark used for gas exchange |
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node |
leaf or a leaf scar + axillary bud or branch |
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phyllotaxy |
pattern of leaves/axillary buds on stems |
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alternate phyllotaxy |
where leaves are arranged every other node |
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opposite phyllotaxy |
there are two leaves at every node |
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whorled phyllotaxy |
more than 2 leaves at every node |
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prickle |
modified epidermis |
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thorn |
modified stem |
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spine |
modified leaf or leaf part |
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rhizome |
underground horizontal stem |
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rosette stem |
very short stems with short internodes |
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shoot apical meristem |
responsible for primary growth (elongation) and generating the structure of the stem |
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stem tuber |
used for storage |
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terminal bud |
cover dormant apical meristems |
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tendril |
helps pull the plant up by tightly coiling around something |
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twining stems |
wrap around something in order to gain height by the stem |
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Adventitious root |
root coming from stem |
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apoplastic pathway |
water flows through cell walls and intracellular spaces, solutes move with the flow by diffusion |
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branch roots |
lateral roots that originate from the pericycle just inside the endodermis |
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casparian strip |
endodermis has waxy band of suberin in 4 of 6 walls |
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contractile root |
elongate into the soil and anchor at the tip |
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endodermis |
innermost layer of cortex |
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fibrous root system |
root system arises from adventitious roots emerging from stem, common in monocots |
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taproot system |
radicle forms lasting taproot and all other roots branch from it, typical of dicots |
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mucigel |
slimy polysaccaride lubricant from root cap and root hairs |
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pericycle |
meristematic layer that initiates root branches |
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root apical meristem |
responsible for elongation of the root |
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root cap |
protect root apical meristem from being crushed |
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root hair |
increase surface area by penetrating small spaces in soil |
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root tuber |
smaller branch root e.g. sweet potato |
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symplastic pathway |
water moves by plasmodesmata in cellular membranes and living cells |
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stele |
vascular cylinder |
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axial system |
moves fluids lengthwise, along stems axis |
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bark |
everything outside the vascular cambium |
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cork |
dead, full of suberins, tannins |
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cork cambium |
meristematic, makes cork and phelloderm |
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transverse cut |
cut that shows horizonal axis, that includes pith and annual growth rings |
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diffuse porous wood |
vessels that are uniform throughout |
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hardwood |
found in woody dicot angiosperms |
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heartwood |
older, darker, nonfunctional, filled with rot resistant and insect repellant chemicals |
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sapwood |
lighter wood, lighter, functional |
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late wood |
summer wood, smaller diameter xylem cells |
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phelloderm |
consists of living cells of parenchyma |
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ray |
tracheids |
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ring porous hardwood |
xylem more numerous in early wood rather than late wood |
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blade |
catches sunlightq |
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bulliform cells |
large epidermal cells on upper surface of the leaf |
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bundle scar |
where vascular tissue was |
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study |
hard |