Bontrager Workbook Chapter 8

Front 1

How many cervical vertebra are there?

Back 1

7

Front 2

How many thoracic vertebra are there?

Back 2

12

Front 3

How many lumbar vertebra are there?

Back 3

5

Front 4

How many sacral vertebra are there?

Back 4

1

Front 5

Including the coccyx, how many vertebra are there?

Back 5

26

Front 6

What are the two primary or posterior convex curves of the spine?

Back 6

Thoracic
Sacral

Front 7

What are the two compensatory (secondary) curves of the spine?

Back 7

Cervical
Lumbar

Front 8

An abnormal or exaggerated lumbar curvature is called:

Back 8

Lordosis

Front 9

An abnormal lateral curvature of the thoracolumbar spine is called:

Back 9

Scoliosis

Front 10

The two main parts of the typical vertebra are the:

Back 10

Body
Vertebral arch

Front 11

The two bony aspects of the vertebral arch that extend posteriorly from each pedicle to join in the midline are called:

Back 11

Lamina

Front 12

Where does the spinal cord begin?

Back 12

Medulla oblongata

Front 13

Where does the spinal cord end?

Back 13

Bottom of L1

Front 14

What is the name of the tapered ending of the spinal cord?

Back 14

Conus medullaris

Front 15

What are the outer and inner aspects of the intervertebral disk called?

Back 15

Annulus fibrosus
Nucleus pulposus

Front 16

What are the joints between the ribs and vertebral body called?

Back 16

Costovertebral joints

Front 17

The condition involving a 'slipped disk' is correctly called:

Back 17

Herniated nucleus pulposus

Front 18

Name 3 features unique to cervical vertebra:

Back 18

Transverse foramina
Overlapping vertebral bodies
Bifid spinous processes

Front 19

The short column of bone found between the superior and articular processes in the cervical vertebra are called

Back 19

Articular pillars

Front 20

What is the angle of the zygapophyseal joints of C2 thru C7 to the midsagital plane?

Back 20

90 degrees

Front 21

What is the angle of the zygapophyseal joints of the thoracic vertebra to the midsagital plane?

Back 21

70-75 degrees

Front 22

What is the name of the joint found between the atlas and the condyles of the skull?

Back 22

Occipitoatlantal joint

Front 23

The modified body of C2 is also known as:

Back 23

Dens
Odontoid process

Front 24

What is the unique feature of all thoracic vertebra that distinguishes them from other vertebra?

Back 24

Joints for articulation with ribs

Front 25

Which thoracic vertebra are classified as 'typical' thoracic vertebra?

Back 25

T5 - T8

Front 26

What is the name of the upper part of the sternum?

Back 26

Manubrium

Front 27

The superior margin of the upper part of the sternum is called?

Back 27

Jugular (suprasternal) notch
T2- T3

Front 28

What is the center portion of the sternum called?

Back 28

Body of the sternum

Front 29

What is the joint between the top and center portions of the sternum?

Back 29

Sternal angle
T4 - T5

Front 30

The most inferior part of the sternum is called:

Back 30

Xiphoid
T9 - T10

Front 31

The angle of the jaw is called:

Back 31

Gonion
C3

Front 32

List the correct vertebral level for:
Mastoid Tip
Gonion
Thyroid Cartilage
Jugular Notch
Sternal Angle
Xiphoid

Back 32

Mastoid Tip - C1
Gonion - C3
Thyroid Cartilage - C4-6
Jugular Notch - T2-3
Sternal Angle - T4-5
Xiphoid - T9-10

Front 33

What organs are especially radiosensitive and of concern during cervical and thoracic radiography?

Back 33

Thyroid
Parathyroid
Breasts

Front 34

What are the advantages of using higher kV for spine radiography?

Back 34

Increased exposure latitude
Decreased patient dose

Front 35

What is a teardrop fracture?

Back 35

Fracture of the vertebral body
Usually from hyperextension
Frequently results in neurologic injury

Front 36

What is Scheuermann's disease?

Back 36

Osteochondrosis of the spine
Usually seen in children
Results in kyphosis

Front 37

What's the difference between spondylosis and spondlyitis?

Back 37

Spondylitis - inflammation of the spine
Spondylosis - progressive rigidity of the spine

Front 38

Which two landmarks must be aligned for an 'open mouth' projection?

Back 38

Lower margin of upper incisors
Base of skull

Front 39

What is the name of the radiographic procedure that requires the injection of contrast media into the subarachnoid space?

Back 39

Myelography

Front 40

What are two benefits of a longer SID for lateral cervical spine projections?

Back 40

Reduced magnification
Reduced shoulder superimposition

Front 41

True/False
Less CR angle is required for the AP axial projection of the c-spine if the examination is performed supine rather than erect?

Back 41

True

Front 42

For an AP axial of the c-spine, a plane through the tip of the mandible and what structure should be parallel to the angled central ray?

Back 42

Base of skull

Front 43

What is the purpose of the 15 - 20 degree angle for the AP axial view of the spine?

Back 43

Opens intervetebral disk spaces

Front 44

What CR angulation is used with a posterior oblique projection of the c-spine?

Back 44

15 degrees cephalad

Front 45

What is the recommended SID for a lateral projection of the c-spine?

Back 45

60 - 72 inches

Front 46

Which region of the spine is best demonstrated with the swimmer's position?

Back 46

Lower cervical and upper thoracic

Front 47

Which thoracic vertebrae lack a facet for the costotransverse joint?

Back 47

T11, T12

Front 48

Which specific joint spaces are visualized with the LAO projection of the thoracic spine?

Back 48

Downside of the zygapophyseal joints

Front 49

An avulsion fracture of the spinous processes of C6 - T1 is called a:

Back 49

Clay shoveler's fracture

Front 50

Situation:
An open-mouth radiograph reveals that the base of the skull is superimposed over the upper odontoid process. What is the error?

Back 50

Excessive extension

Front 51

Situation:
A radiograph of an AP axial projection of the CS reveals that the intervertebral disk spaces are not open. The following factors were used: skull extension; CR 10 degrees cephalad, centered to the thyroid cartilage; no rotation. What should be modified?

Back 51

Increase to 15 degrees cephalad

Front 52

Situation:
A radiograph of the RPO cervical spine reveals that the lower intervertebral foramina are not open. The upper foramina are well visualized. What is the positioning error?

Back 52

Underrotation
Should be 45 degrees

Front 53

Situation:
A radiograph on the lateral projection of the cervical spine reveals that C7 is not clearly demonstrated. The following factors were used: erect position, 44-inch SID, arms at side, exposure during inspiration. What factors should be corrected?

Back 53

SID - 72"
Suspended respiration at exhalation

Front 54

Situation:
A radiograph of the AP wagging-jaw (Ottonello) is taken at 75 kVp, 20 mAs, 0.5 sec demonstrates that part of the image of the mandible is still visible and obscuring the cervical spine. What is the error?

Back 54

Decrease mAs & increase exposure time

Front 55

Situation:
A radiograph of the lateral thoracic spine reveals that lung markings and ribs make it difficult to visualize the vertebral bodies. What factors should be modified?

Back 55

Orthostatic breathing with increased exposure time and lower mAs

Front 56

Situation:
A radiograph of a cervicothoracic lateral position demonstrates superimposition of the humeral heads over the upper thoracic spine. Arthritis prevents the patient from rotating shoulders. What can be done?

Back 56

Angle CR 3-5 degrees caudad

Front 57

Situation:
A radiograph of the lateral thoracic spine reveals that the upper thoracic spine is overexposed, but the loser vertebrae are well visualized. The head of the patient was placed at the anode end of the table. What can be done?

Back 57

Use a compensating filter on the upper part of the spine

Front 58

Situation:
A patient with a possible cervical spine injury enters the ER. The patient is on a back-board. What projection should be taken first?

Back 58

Horizontal beam lateral

Front 59

Situation:
A patient who has been in a MVA enters the ER. The basic projections of the cervical spine are negative. The ER physician wants the spine evaluated for whiplash injury. What additional projections are required?

Back 59

Hyperextension & hyperflexion

Front 60

Situation:
A patient comes to the radiology department for a cervical spine series. An AP 'open-mouth radiograph indicates that the base of the skull and lower edge of the incisors are superimposed and the top of the dens is not clearly demonstrated . What should be done?

Back 60

AP Fuchs or PA Judd methods

Front 61

Situation:
A patient comes to the radiology department for routine cervical spine series. The lateral projection demonstrated C1-C6, but the radiologist needs to see C7-T1. What projections should be added?

Back 61

Swimmer's (cervicothoracic) lateral position

Front 62

A patient enters the ER with a possible C-spine fracture. Initial projections are normal. What projection will better see the articular pillars of C4?

Back 62

AP axial vertebral arch projection

Front 63

Situation:
A patient comes to the ER with possible Jefferson fracture. What specific projection will best demonstrate this type of fracture?

Back 63

AP open mouth projection

Front 64

Situation:
A patient comes to the RD with a history of Scheurermann disease. What procedures should be performed?

Back 64

Scoliosis series