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78 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Types of Bone - Diagram
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Bone Structure - Diagram
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Bone Histology - Diagram
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Spongy & Compact Bone Histology - Diagram
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Compact Bone Histology - Diagram
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Cross Section of Dried Compact Bone - Diagram
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What are the 2 main types of bone?
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Compact, or cortical and spongy, or cancellous
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What is Wolff's Law of Bone Adaptation?
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Bone models and remodels in response to the mechanical stresses it experiences so as to produce a minimal-weight structure that is "adapted" to its applied stresses
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What are the 2 types of ossification?
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Intramembranous and endochrondral
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What is intramembranous ossification?
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When a bone develops from a fibrous membrane & results in the formation of cranial bones of the skull & clavicles. Mostly flat bones; starts ~ week 8 of development in mesenchymal cells
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What is endochrondral ossification?
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An embryonic process in which hyaline cartilage functions as a pattern for bone formation; forms all the bones of the body except clavicles and skull; begins in 2nd month of development
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What are the 6 bone groups w/ examples?
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1. Flat, ex. sternum
2. Irregular, ex. vertebrae 3. Long, ex. humerus 4. Sesamoid, ex. patella 5. Sutural (Wormian), ex. lambdoid suture in skull |
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What is the axial skeleton?
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The long axis of the body; includes skull, vertebral column and rib cage
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What is the appendicular skeleton?
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Bones of the upper and lower limbs and the girdles that attach them
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What are the 3 types of bone markings?
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1. Cavities
2. Depressions 3. Projections |
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Sinus
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A cavity w/in a bone, filled w/ air and lined w/ mucus membrane
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Fissure
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A narrow, slit-like opening
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Foramen
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A round or oval opening through a bone
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Fossa
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A shallow, basin-like depression in a bone, often serving as an articular surface
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Groove
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A furrow in a bone
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Meatus
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A canal-like passageway
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Condyle
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A rounded articular projection
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Crest
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A narrow ridge of bone, usually prominent
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Epicondyle
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A raised area on or above the condyle
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Facet
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A smooth, nearly flat articular surface
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Head
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A bony expansion carried on a narrow neck
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Line
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A narrow ridge of bone; less prominent than a crest
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Process
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Any bone prominence
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Ramus
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An arm-like bar of bone
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Spine
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A sharp, slender, often pointed projection
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Trochanter
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A very large blunt, irregularly shaped process
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Tubercle
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A small rounded projection or process
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Tuberosity
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A large rounded projection; may be roughened
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Articular cartilage
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Covers the ends of most bones at movable joints
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Diaphysis
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A tube, or shaft forming the long axis of the bone
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Endosteum
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Delicate connective tissue membrane covering the internal surfaces of long bone
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Epiphyseal line
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Between the diaphysis and each epiphysis
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Epiphyseal plate (growth plate)
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On long bone; A disc of hyaline cartilage that grows during childhood to lengthen the bone
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Epiphysis
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End of long bone
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Medullary cavity
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"Middle;" marrow cavity in long bone
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Nutrient foramen
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An opening in long bone for nerve fibers, lymphatic vessels, and blood vessels
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Periosteum
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A glistening white, double-layered membrane covering the external surface of long bone, except joint surfaces
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Trabecula (ae)
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Honeycomb of small needle-like or flat pieces making up spongy bone
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Red marrow
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Hematopoietic tissue typically found w/in the trabecular cavities of spongy bone of long bones and in deploe of flat bones
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Yellow marrow
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Fat found in long bones
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Canaliculi
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In compact bone; tiny canals radiating outward from a central canal to the lacunae of the 1st lamella and then from lamella to lamella
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Haversian canal
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Also "central canal;" runs through core of an osteon in compact bone and contains small blood vessels and nerve fibers
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Lacunae
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Small spaces at junctions of lamellae in compact bone; occupied by osteocytes
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Lamellae
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Matrix tubes composing osteon in compact bone; tubes layered around each other like rings on a tree
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Osteoblast
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Bone-forming cells
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Osteoclast
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Large cells that resorb or break down bone matrix
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Osteocyte
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Mature bone cell; spider-shaped; occupying lacunae
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Osteon (Haversian system)
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Structural unit of compact bone; elongated cylinder oriented parallel to the long axis of the bone; group of hollow tubes of bone matrix
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Volkmann's canals
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Lie at right angles to the long axis in compact bone and connect the blood and nerve supply of the periosteum to those in the central canals and medullary cavity
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Bronchial cartilage
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Reinforces the bronchia; hyaline
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Costal cartilages
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Connect the ribs to the sternum; hyaline
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Intervertebral discs
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Discs between vertebrae; fibrocartilage
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Laryngeal cartilages
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Reinforce the larynx; hyaline cartilage
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Nasal cartilage
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Supports the external nose; hyaline
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Tracheal cartilages
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Reinforce the trachea; hyaline
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Perichondrium
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Fibrous connective tissue membrane covering the external surface of cartilaginous structures
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Elastic cartilage
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Contains more stretchy elastic fibers than hyaline cartilage and so are better able to stand up to repeated bending; only found in the external ear and the epiglottis
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Fibrocartilage
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Highly compressible w/ great tensile strength; parallel rows of chondrocytes alternating w/ thick collagen fibers; found in menisci of the knee and discs between vertebrae
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Hyaline cartilage
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Provides support w/ flexibility and resilience
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Scoliosis
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Abnormal lateral curvature of the vertebral column that occurs most often in the thoracic region
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Kyphosis
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Hunchback; dorsally exaggerated thoracic curvature of the vertebral column
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Lordosis
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Swayback; accentuated lumbar curvature
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Atlas vertebra
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C1; has no body and no spinous process
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Axis vertebra
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C2; has knob-like "dens" projecting superiorly from body
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Dens of C2
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Knob-like projection; acts as pivot for atlas rotation
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What are the 3 groups of vertebrae and how many are there in each group?
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1. Cervical (neck) - 7
2. Thoracic - 12 3. Lumbar - 5 |
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Nucleus pulposus
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Inner gelatinous; gives disc its elasticity and compressibility
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Annulus fibrosus
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A strong collar composed of collagen fibers
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True ribs
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Superior 7 rib pairs that attach directly to the sternum
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False ribs
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Inferior 5 pairs of ribs that attach indirectly to the sternum or entirely lacking a sternal attachment
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Vertebrochondral ribs
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Rib pairs 8-10 that attach to sternum indirectly
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Floating ribs
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Rib pairs 11 & 12; they have no anterior attachments
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7 bones that make up the orbit
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"Master Zeus Palpatates Seven Foxy Ladies Everyday"
1. Maxillary 2. Zygomatic 3. Palatine 4. Sphenoid 5. Frontal 6. Lacrimal 7. Ethmoid |