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263 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What feature distinguishes this type of capillary from a continuous capillary?
|
fenestrations |
|
The muscular layer in the wall of a blood vessel is the tunica
|
media |
|
Compared to arteries, veins
|
have thinner walls |
|
Capillaries that have a complete lining are called
|
continuous capillaries |
|
Venous valves are responsible for
|
channeling blood toward the heart |
|
Factors that increase the risk of atherosclerosis include which of the following?
|
All of the answers are correct |
|
These vessels may be continuous or fenestrated.
|
capillaries |
|
Exchange between a blood vessel and the cells that surround it can occur only in
|
capillaries |
|
Blood flow through a capillary is controlled by the
|
precapillary sphincter |
|
What vessels hold the largest percentage of the blood supply?
|
veins |
|
The only vessels whose walls are thin enough to exchange materials with the surrounding cells are __________.
|
capillaries |
|
Arteries have a structure in their middle and internal vessel walls that veins lack, called a/an __________.
|
elastic membrane |
|
Atherosclerosis is characterized by the buildup of arterial plaque. When plaque first begins to form, on which part of the blood vessel do the monocytes bind after taking in cholesterol-rich lipoproteins?
|
the endothelial lining |
|
Which part of the blood vessel wall is dominated by smooth muscle?
|
the tunica media |
|
Vascular resistance is the friction force that opposes blood flow in a blood vessel. What two factors are the most important in generating friction between blood and the walls of a vessel?
|
blood vessel diameter and length |
|
Atherosclerosis has been associated with high blood pressure. What is it called when a person has a blood pressure of 158/99?
|
stage 1 hypertension |
|
What is the relationship between high blood pressure and edema?
|
High blood pressure leads to increased CHP and thus filtration exceeds reabsorption. |
|
Total peripheral resistance is related to all of the following except the
|
osmolarity of interstitial fluids |
|
Blood pressure is determined by
|
estimating the pressure needed to close off an artery with an external pressure cuff. |
|
Blood pressure increases with all of the following except increased
|
parasympathetic innervation |
|
The main control of peripheral resistance occurs in the
|
arteriole |
|
The vascular pressure that declines from roughly 35 mm Hg to about 18 mm Hg is the
|
capillary hydrostatic pressure |
|
Averaged over a few heartbeats, venous return is ________ cardiac output.
|
equal to |
|
Blood pressure is lowest in the
|
veins |
|
Each of the following factors would increase cardiac output except
|
increased blood concentration of glucose |
|
Each of the following factors would increase peripheral resistance except
|
vasodilation |
|
The blood colloid osmotic pressure mostly depends on the
|
concentration of plasma proteins |
|
Each of the following will cause an increase in blood pressure except
|
increased levels of ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide) |
|
Each of the following will lead to a decrease in blood pressure except
|
release of renin |
|
When renin is released from the kidney,
|
angiotensinogen is converted into angiotensin I. |
|
Which of the following is normally the greatest source acting against blood flow?
|
vascular resistance |
|
If the capillary hydrostatic pressure is elevated, what consequences will this have on the surrounding tissues?
|
Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure will cause excess interstitial fluid accumulation in the surrounding tissues. |
|
The peak blood pressure measured during ventricular systole is called __________.
|
systolic pressure |
|
Stenosis is a permanent narrowing of an artery, as with arteriosclerosis. Which of the following could occur with stenosis of a renal artery?
|
Renin secretion will increase |
|
Elevated levels of the natriuretic peptide hormones ANP and BNP will produce increased
|
salt and water loss through the kidneys |
|
Increased levels of carbon dioxide in the blood will result in decreased
|
parasympathetic stimulation of the heart. |
|
When muscle cells contract, they release substances that cause nearby precapillary sphincters to relax. This is an example of __________.
|
autoregulation |
|
Where are the sensors for the arterial baroreceptor reflex located?
|
carotid sinus and aortic arch |
|
If blood pressure is increased at the arterial baroreceptors, what would happen with the activity level of the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) and sympathetic nervous system (SNS)?
|
increased PNS activity and decreased SNS activity |
|
Which of the following would cause vasodilation of arterioles?
|
decreased activity of the sympathetic nervous system |
|
Stimulation of the adrenal medulla would result in which of the following?
|
an increase in heart rate and contractility |
|
A decrease in blood pressure at the arterial baroreceptors would result in which of the following?
|
an increase in heart contractility |
|
ADH and aldosterone secretion are part of the body's long-term compensation for
|
a serious hemorrhage. |
|
Hemorrhage triggers all of these responses EXCEPT __________.
|
an increase in urine production |
|
In the case of hemorrhage, the body mobilizes all these defenses EXCEPT __________.
|
decreased ADH secretion |
|
Which of the following changes take place when you begin to exercise?
|
All of the above changes take place as you begin to exercise. |
|
Lymphocytes provide an adaptive or specific defense known as the
|
immune response |
|
Which cell type is essential to the immune response?
|
lymphocytes |
|
What is the role of helper T cells in the adaptive immune response?
|
Helper T cells activate B cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes to kill infected host cells. |
|
What is meant by the clonal expansion of a B cell?
|
An activated B cell divides into cells that give rise to memory B cells and plasma cells. |
|
The student who caught the cold caused by this specific Rhinovirus was exposed to the exact same Rhinovirus 18 months later. What component of the immune system will protect her from getting the same cold again?
|
Memory B cells |
|
Which of the following is NOT a step used by cytotoxic T cells to kill infected host cells?
|
Recognition of infected host cell using its CD4 glycoprotein |
|
Which pair of molecules do NOT directly interact with one another?
|
BCR and TCR |
|
Which of the following is NOT a step that ultimately leads to antibody production?
|
Activation of cytotoxic T cells by helper T cells |
|
A person who has AIDS contracts rare and often life-threatening infections because their helper T cell count is so low. Which of the following components of the immune response still respond to antigen despite the low helper T cell count?
|
Clonal selection of B cells |
|
Which of the following statements is true?
|
Adaptive defenses include both humoral and cellular immunity. |
|
Which of the following is true of both lymphatic capillaries and blood capillaries?
|
Both types are composed of endothelium. |
|
Lymphatic vessels provide a conduit for metastasizing cancer cells. Ideally, such cells are removed and destroyed by what structure, which thus prevents the spread of cancer?
|
lymph nodes |
|
The primary function of the lymphatic system is:
|
defending the body against both external and internal threats. |
|
The lymphatic system does all of the following except
|
transports gases to and away from lymph nodes. |
|
The lymphatic system is composed of all of the following except
|
the venae cavae |
|
All of the following are true of the thymus gland except that it:
|
activates B cells |
|
Most of the lymph returns to the venous circulation by way of the:
|
thoracic duct |
|
The thoracic duct drains lymph from all of the following regions except the:
|
right breast |
|
The cells directly responsible for cellular immunity are the ________ cells.:
|
cytotoxic T |
|
The cells responsible for humoral immunity are the ________ cells.
|
B |
|
Lymphocytes that destroy foreign cells or virus-infected cells are ________ cells:
|
cytotoxic T |
|
Lymphocytes
|
respond to antigens |
|
________ are large lymphatic nodules that are located in the walls of the pharynx:
|
Tonsils |
|
________ are clusters of lymphatic nodules deep to the epithelial lining of the small intestine.:
|
Peyer's patches |
|
The term lymphadenopathy refers to:
|
a chronic or excessive enlargement of lymph nodes. |
|
Stem cells that will form B cells or NK cells are found only in the:
|
red bone marrow |
|
Which class of cells is particularly abundant in the red pulp of the spleen?:
|
free and fixed macrophages |
|
Lymphatic organs differ from lymphatic tissues in what way?:
|
They are surrounded by a fibrous capsule and lymphatic tissues are not. |
|
The white pulp of the spleen is populated by
|
lymphocytes |
|
T Lymphocytes are produced and stored in all of the following except:
|
the brain |
|
T is to ________ as B is to ________.:
|
thymus-dependent; bone marrow-derived |
|
Lymphocyte production and maturation involves:
|
All of the answers are correct. |
|
Lymph nodes range in diameter from:
|
1 mm to 25 mm |
|
Stem cells that can form all types of lymphocytes are concentrated in the:
|
red bone marrow |
|
Lymphatic tissue is found in the greatest quantity in:
|
the adult spleen |
|
If the thymus shrank and stopped making thymosins, we would expect to see an immediate decrease in the number of:
|
T cells |
|
An infection and inflammation of the aggregated lymphatic nodules in the pharynx is called:
|
tonsillitis. |
|
Which of these is NOT a lymphoid organ?
|
liver |
|
Which of the following are primary lymphoid organs?
|
bone marrow and thymus |
|
Which of the following areas in a secondary lymphoid organ allows intimate contact between blood and the lymphocytes?
|
white pulp of the spleen |
|
Where in the lymph node do the T cells first encounter antigens presented by dendritic cells?
|
deep in the cortex |
|
Collections of lymphoid tissues, called MALT, are strategically placed throughout the respiratory, digestive, and genitourinary systems. Which one of these is located at the end of the small intestine?
|
Peyer's patches |
|
There is a decrease in our ability to fight infection as we age. Which lymphoid organ may have a role in this decline?
|
thymus |
|
Innate defenses include
|
All of the answers are correct |
|
Examples of physical barriers against pathogens include:
|
All of the answers are correct. |
|
The body's innate defenses include all of the following except:
|
antibodies |
|
Each of the following is a physical barrier to infection except:
|
complement |
|
An inflammatory response is triggered when:
|
mast cells release histamine and heparin |
|
The release of endogenous pyrogen (or interleukin-1) by active macrophages would:
|
produce a fever |
|
Microphages include:
|
both neutrophils and eosinophils |
|
Various types of macrophages are derived from:
|
monocytes |
|
Plasma contains ________ special proteins that form the complement system.:
|
more than 30 |
|
Inflammation produces localized:
|
All of the answers are correct |
|
Histamine increases blood flow and vascular permeability. This would account for all of the following changes that occur during inflammation except:
|
chemotaxis of phagocytes. |
|
Leslie has a severe sore throat and the lymph nodes in her neck are swollen. This would indicate that:
|
the lymph nodes contain an increased number of lymphocytes. |
|
The classic pathway of complement activation begins when the protein C1 binds to:
|
an antibody attached to an antigen. |
|
Immunity that is genetically determined and present at birth is called ________ immunity.
|
innate |
|
The cells that perform immunological surveillance are the ________ cells.
|
NK |
|
The phagocytic antigen-presenting cells belong to the ________ group:
|
monocyte-macrophage |
|
Fixed macrophages that are found in the central nervous system are called:
|
microglia |
|
Microglia are to the CNS as Kupffer cells are to the:
|
liver |
|
Which of these is NOT one of the nonspecific defenses?
|
antibodies |
|
Activated macrophages release endogenous pyrogens that cause __________.:
|
fever |
|
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Natural Killer (NK) cells?
|
NK cells recognize abnormal or cancer cells by a specific antigen on their cell membrane. |
|
Which of the following innate internal defenses work by interfering with viral replication?
|
interferons |
|
How do phagocytes recognize foreign cells or bacteria?
|
The phagocytes recognize molecules on pathogens not normally found on body cells. |
|
Which of the innate defense mechanisms can lyse bacteria and mark cells for phagocytosis?
|
complement proteins |
|
Which of the following can act as opsonins on bacteria, thus enhancing phagocytosis?
|
antibodies and complement proteins |
|
Adaptive defenses depend on the activities of:
|
lymphocytes |
|
Characteristics of adaptive defenses include:
|
All of the answers are correct. |
|
Immunity that results from antibodies that pass through the placenta from mother to fetus is called ________ immunity:
|
naturally acquired passive |
|
In passive immunity, the:
|
body receives antibodies produced by other humans or by an animal. |
|
All of the following are true of the primary response of humoral immunity except that:
|
it is delayed by the memory cell stage. |
|
All of the following are true of the secondary response of humoral immunity except that it:
|
weakens quickly because memory B cells only survive for a year or two. |
|
Interleukins do all of the following except:
|
stimulate collagen synthesis. |
|
Which of the following descriptions is NOT a characteristic of adaptive immunity?:
|
intolerance |
|
Suppressor T cells act to:
|
inhibit T and B cell activities. |
|
Which of the following about MHC proteins is false?:
|
bind complement |
|
T cells and B cells can be activated only by:
|
exposure to a specific antigen at a specific site in a plasma membrane. |
|
Class II MHC proteins are present in the plasma membrane only:
|
in antigen-presenting cells and lymphocytes. |
|
CD8 markers are to ________ T cells as CD4 markers are to ________ T cells.:
|
cytoxic; helper |
|
The term ________ refers to antibodies found in body fluids.:
|
immunoglobulins |
|
Antigen-presenting cells located in the epithelia of the skin are called:
|
dendritic cells |
|
Which class of antibody forms a five-antibody starburst?
|
IgM |
|
In order for a lymphocyte to respond to an antigen, the antigen must:
|
bind to specific receptors on the lymphocyte surface. |
|
During a primary immune response, the:
|
IgM titer is initially higher than the IgG titer. |
|
A crime scene investigator found that a biological fluid sample contains a large amount of IgA-type antibody. This fluid is probably:
|
tears |
|
A measure of antibody level in the plasma is:
|
the antibody titer. |
|
Which class of immunoglobulins sensitizes cells to allergens?:
|
IgE |
|
Newborns gain their immunity initially from:
|
antibodies passed across the placenta from the mother. |
|
Autoantibodies are:
|
directed against the body's own antigens. |
|
Inappropriate or excessive immune responses to antigens are:
|
allergies. |
|
Antigens that trigger allergic reactions are called:
|
allergens. |
|
Tears and mucus membranes would be a part of which defense system?
|
innate external defenses |
|
Phagocytotic cells such as macrophages identify a variety of enemies by recognizing markers unique to pathogens. They would be classified as which type of defense system?
|
innate internal defenses |
|
What cells make antibodies?
|
plasma B cells |
|
What is the name of the unique area (specific region) that a lymphocyte recognizes and binds to?
|
an antigenic determinant |
|
What type of immunity can be transferred by bodily fluids from one person to another, thus conferring immunity to the recipient?
|
humoral immunity |
|
If a virus attacks a cell, which type of immunity would be activated?
|
cell-mediated immunity (cellular immunity) |
|
Cancer cells would be attacked by which of the following cells?
|
Cytotoxic T cells |
|
The respiratory epithelium of the conducting airways consists of
|
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium. |
|
The larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles all make up the
|
lower respiratory tract. |
|
Air entering the body is filtered, warmed, and humidified by the:
|
upper respiratory tract. |
|
Inhaling through the nostrils is preferred over the mouth because
|
it allows better conditioning of the inhaled air |
|
Harry suffers from cystic fibrosis and has severe breathing difficulties. His problems result from
|
thick secretions that are difficult to transport. |
|
A patient with a connective tissue disease experiences increased pulmonary vascular resistance. Over a period of time, you would expect to observe
|
increased thickness of the right ventricular wall. |
|
Which of these is NOT a function of the respiratory system?:
|
transport RBCs (red blood cells) to the tissues |
|
The portion of the pharynx that receives both air and food is the
|
oropharynx |
|
The auditory tubes open into the:
|
nasopharynx. |
|
The common passageway shared by the respiratory and digestive systems is the:
|
pharynx |
|
The palatine tonsils lie in the walls of the:
|
oropharynx. |
|
The superior region of the pharynx is called the:
|
nasopharynx. |
|
The vocal folds are located within the:
|
larynx. |
|
The elastic cartilage that covers the opening to the larynx during swallowing is the:
|
epiglottis. |
|
The largest cartilage of the larynx is the ________ cartilage.:
|
thyroid |
|
A common site to place a tracheostomy tube is through the ligament that connects the cricoid cartilage to the ________ cartilage:
|
thyroid |
|
Air passing through the glottis vibrates the vocal folds and produces:
|
phonation |
|
Tension on the vocal cords is regulated by the:
|
movement of the arytenoid cartilages and contraction of laryngeal muscles. |
|
The flap-like structure that prevents food from entering the larynx is called the:
|
epiglottis. |
|
The adult human trachea is about ________ in diameter and contains ________ tracheal cartilages.:
|
2.5 cm; 15-20 |
|
The C shape of the tracheal cartilages is important because:
|
large masses of food can move through the esophagus. |
|
Very aggressive pathogens such as the bacterium responsible for tuberculosis can easily overwhelm the protective features of the respiratory system. Less aggressive pathogens may be stopped by all of the following EXCEPT __________.:
|
olfactory epithelium |
|
Cystic fibrosis is an inherited respiratory disorder in which the mucus escalator no longer functions because of the presence of excessively dense and viscous mucus. Which of the following components of the respiratory system are affected by cystic fibrosis?:
|
All of the listed responses are correct. |
|
The actual sites of gas exchange within the lungs are the:
|
respiratory membranes of the alveoli. |
|
The respiratory membrane of the gas exchange surfaces consists of:
|
simple squamous epithelium. |
|
The number of lobes in the right lung is:
|
greater than the number of lobes in the left lung. |
|
A pulmonary embolism can be caused by ________ becoming trapped in a pulmonary artery.:
|
All of the answers are correct. |
|
Blockage of pulmonary blood flow by a clot or similar obstruction is:
|
pulmonary embolism. |
|
Asthma is:
|
due to an excessive stimulation of smooth muscle in bronchioles. |
|
The process by which dissolved gases are exchanged between the blood and interstitial fluids is:
|
internal respiration. |
|
Low partial pressure of oxygen in tissues is a condition called:
|
hypoxia. |
|
Internal respiration refers to exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and the:
|
tissues and interstitial fluid. |
|
In a condition known as pneumothorax, the integrity of the pleural cavity is lost, which leads to a collapsed lung. What is one explanation for why this occurs?:
|
The pleural fluid that bonds the visceral and parietal pleurae together is broken by air. |
|
No air is moving in or out of the lungs in this image. Which of the following describes the pressures of the atmosphere ("P outside") and the lungs ("P inside")?
|
P inside = P outside |
|
Boyle's law states that the pressure of a gas is:
|
inversely proportional to the volume of its container. |
|
________ is the amount of air that moves into the respiratory system during a single respiratory cycle.:
|
Tidal volume |
|
Expiratory movements are produced by contraction of the ________ muscle.:
|
internal intercostal |
|
Pulmonary ventilation refers to the:
|
movement of air into and out of the lungs. |
|
Alveolar ventilation refers to the:
|
movement of air into and out of the alveoli. |
|
Boyle's law of gases states that:
|
if the volume goes up, the pressure goes down. |
|
When the inspiratory muscles relax, the rib cage returns to its original position as a result of:
|
elastic rebound. |
|
The technical term for quiet breathing is:
|
eupnea |
|
During inhalation,
|
the diaphragm and rib muscles contract. |
|
From which structures do oxygen molecules move from the lungs to the blood?
|
Alveoli |
|
Which statement is correct?
|
In the blood, oxygen is bound to hemoglobin, a protein found in red blood cells. |
|
After blood becomes oxygenated,
|
it returns to the heart, and is then pumped to body cells. |
|
Hemoglobin
|
is a protein that can bind four molecules of oxygen. |
|
Blood gas analyses provide diagnostic information regarding the efficiency of gas exchange at the lungs and in peripheral tissues. Which of the following values are NOT within normal limits?
|
PO2 in systemic capillaries leaving tissue cells: 100 mm Hg |
|
The physiological effects of nitrogen in the human body are not fully understood as of yet except during decompression sickness. Decompression sickness occurs when the partial pressure of nitrogen drops, and nitrogen no longer stays in solution but forms bubbles, causing tremendous pain in joints. This relationship between partial pressure and solubility is explained in __________.:
|
Henry’s law |
|
Henry's law states that
|
the volume of gas that will dissolve in a solvent is proportional to the solubility of the gas and the gas pressure. |
|
Dalton's law states that:
|
in a mixture of gases such as air, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of the gases in the mixture. |
|
Decompression sickness is a painful condition that develops when a person is exposed to a sudden drop in atmospheric pressure. Bubbles of ________ gas are responsible for the problem.:
|
nitrogen |
|
Which of the following relationships best describes Dalton's Law?:
|
A gas will contribute to the total pressure in proportion to its abundance. |
|
How much difference is there in the ability of hemoglobin to hold oxygen when comparing slightly alkaline blood to slightly acidic blood at a Po2 of 40 mm Hg?
|
Between 15 and 20 percent more oxygen can be held in alkaline blood at a Po2 of 40 mm Hg. |
|
Where is more than 70 percent of the carbon dioxide carried in the blood?
|
in the plasma, as dissolved CO2 or HCO3 - |
|
Carbon monoxide poisoning is possible because carbon monoxide binds readily with heme at very low partial pressures compared to those of oxygen. Besides partial pressure, what else determines the affinity of oxygen molecules for heme?:
|
All of the listed responses are correct. |
|
In patients with emphysema, the alveolar surface area decreases, thereby decreasing the area available for gas exchange. In addition, vascularity declines, making it harder still to transport adequate amounts of oxygen. Which of the following would help an emphysema patient bind as much oxygen as possible with the limited heme units available?:
|
inhaling oxygen at higher partial pressures |
|
Lung cancer claims more lives than other cancers, according to the Centers for Disease Control. Because of their high mitotic rate, epithelial cells are particularly prone to tumor formation. Choose the best answer as to where within the respiratory tract you would NOT find such epithelial cells.:
|
You would find epithelial cells in all of the listed answer choices. |
|
The chloride shift occurs in order to:
|
transport bicarbonate ions into the blood plasma. |
|
Carbon dioxide and water combine to form:
|
carbonic acid. |
|
Most of the oxygen transported by the blood is:
|
bound to hemoglobin. |
|
Most of the carbon dioxide in the blood is transported as:
|
bicarbonate ions. |
|
Carbonic anhydrase:
|
All of the answers are correct. |
|
Hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen when the BPG level is high is:
|
less than hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen when the BPG level is low. |
|
Which of the following descriptions accurately describes Boyle’s law?
|
The pressure of gas in your lungs is inversely proportional to the volume in your lungs. |
|
Which muscles, when contracted, would increase the volume of air in the thoracic cavity?
|
diaphragm and external intercostals |
|
Which pressure is the result of the natural tendency of the lungs to decrease their size (because of elasticity) and the opposing tendency of the thoracic wall to pull outward and enlarge the lungs?
|
intrapleural pressure |
|
During an allergic reaction, which of the following would aid respiration?
|
epinephrine |
|
If the transpulmonary pressure equals zero, what will happen to the lung?
|
lungs will collapse |
|
What would be the immediate effect of damage to the Dorsal Respiratory Group (DRG)?
|
apnea (no breathing) |
|
The structure of the respiratory epithelium changes along the respiratory tract. In addition to mucous cells, what other type of cells are found lining the nasal cavity, nasopharynx, and the superior portion (trachea and bronchi) of the lower respiratory system?:
|
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelial cells |
|
What is the name of the structures projecting from the lateral surfaces of the nasal cavity that function to create turbulence and help humidify and warm the incoming air?:
|
nasal conchae |
|
Both sneezing and coughing are examples of protective reflexes triggered by irritation. Sneezing and coughing both involve a disruption in respiration. What is the formal name for the period when respiration is suspended?:
|
apnea |
|
The most important chemical regulator of respiration is:
|
carbon dioxide. |
|
The term hypercapnia refers to:
|
elevated PCO2 |
|
The apneustic centers of the pons:
|
provide stimulation to the inspiratory center. |
|
Breathing that involves active inspiratory and expiratory movements is called:
|
hyperpnea. |
|
The pneumotaxic center of the pons:
|
modifies the rate and depth of breathing. |
|
If the dorsal respiratory group of neurons in the medulla oblongata were destroyed bilaterally:
|
a person would stop breathing. |
|
Which of the following statements correctly contrasts the dorsal respiratory group (DRG) and the ventral respiratory group (VRG)?
|
The DRG is mainly active during inspiration, while the VRG is primarily active during |
|
Which of the following variables is NOT monitored by the medullary breathing centers?
|
Air humidity |
|
Which breathing center promotes inhalation by stimulating the DRG?
|
Apneustic center |
|
With an increase in skeletal muscle activity and an increase in body temperature, you would expect to see __________.
|
a decrease in the percentage of oxyhemoglobin saturation |
|
Carbon dioxide is transported in the blood mostly as __________.
|
a bicarbonate ion |
|
Why does efficiency of pulmonary ventilation and pulmonary circulation occur?
|
Blood flow and air flow are coordinated. |
|
In order for the respiratory system to maintain homeostatic tissue levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide, it must coordinate constantly with the __________ system.
|
cardiovascular |
|
It is important that free H+ resulting from dissociation of H2CO3 combine with hemoglobin to reduce the possibility of __________.
|
an acidic condition within the blood |
|
With regard to local regulation of gas transport, if the Pco2 in the bronchioles increases, the bronchioles __________.
|
dilate |
|
In the pulmonary capillaries, the bicarbonate ion is always returned to the __________.
|
RBC |
|
What substance is administered during an asthmatic attack to decrease resistance by dilating the airways?
|
epinephrine |
|
Which class of sensory receptor can modify respiratory reflexes?
|
All of these sensory receptors can modify respiratory reflexes. |
|
Each molecule of hemoglobin has the capacity to carry __________ molecules of oxygen (O2).
|
four |
|
In a bronchiole, the release of histamine by activated mast cells and basophils __________.
|
increases bronchoconstriction and decreases airflow |
|
The basic pattern of breathing is established by the __________ located in the __________.
|
dorsal respiratory group; medulla oblongata |
|
If you desired to control the rate of respiration voluntarily, you might __________.
|
hold your breath |
|
Carbon dioxide is most often transported __________.
|
as molecules of carbonic acid that dissociate to form bicarbonate and hydrogen ions |
|
Which of the following statements about the dorsal and ventral respiratory groups is true?
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The dorsal and ventral respiratory groups set the pace and rhythm of breathing, AND the nuclei of the dorsal and ventral respiratory group function via reciprocal inhibition. |
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Which of these changes will DECREASE the effectiveness of gas exchange across the respiratory membrane?
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increased thickness of the respiratory membrane |
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What percentage of total oxygen (O2) is carried within red blood cells chemically bound to hemoglobin?
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98 percent |
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__________ percentage of carbon dioxide is bound to hemoglobin forming __________.
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23%, carbaminohemoglobin |
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The parasympathetic division of the ANS causes __________ of airway smooth muscle; therefore, resistance is __________.
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constriction; increased |
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Which of the following bones is not a facial bone?
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Ethmoid |
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Which of the following facial bones contain a sinus?
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Maxillary |
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Which facial bones makeup the central portion of the bridge of the nose?
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Nasal |
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What is the anatomical name for the facial bones known as “cheekbones”?
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Zygomatic bones |
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Which facial bones fuse to form the upper jaw?
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Maxillary |
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Identify the small facial bones found in the medial wall of the orbit.
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Lacrimal |
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When each hemoglobin molecule binds with four molecules of oxygen, the end product is __________.
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oxyhemoglobin |
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The Hering-Breuer inflation reflex is important in regulating the forced ventilations that accompany strenuous exercise. This reflex is initiated by __________.
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stretch receptor stimulation located in the smooth muscle of bronchioles |
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If the hemoglobin molecules in a blood sample each had a single oxygen molecule bound to them, on average, the saturation would be __________.
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25 percent |
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A rise in arterial PCO2 elevates carbon dioxide levels in cerebrospinal fluid and stimulates the chemoreceptive neurons of the medulla to produce __________.
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an increase in rate and depth of breathing |
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The correct sequential transport of O2 from the tissue capillaries to O2 consumption in cells is __________.
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erythrocytes, plasma, interstitial fluid, cells |
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How is oxygen most often carried in the blood?
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bound to heme in hemoglobin |
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The respiratory centers are located in __________.
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both the medulla oblongata and the pons |
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During internal respiration, the exchange of the respiratory gases takes place between which of the following?
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the systemic capillaries and the interstitial fluid that surrounds the cells |
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In which of the conditions would oxygen release from hemoglobin be increased?
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During the run of the Iron Man Triathlon on a hot, humid day. |
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Which of the following is found in the medulla oblongata and functions in forced breathing?
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ventral respiratory group (VRG) |