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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What if you can't repair DNA damage?
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-usually both alleles must be lost but certain one exhibit haploinsufficiency
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3 Repair Systems:
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1. mismatch repair
2. nucleotide excision repair 3. recombination repair |
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Name a Syndrome that occurs with Problems with Mismatch Repair:
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Hereditary Nonpolyposis
Colon Cancer Syndrome |
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Problems with Mismatch -
Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colon Cancer Syndrome: There is carcinoma of the ______ and _____ _____ |
cecum; proximal colon
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Problems with Mismatch -
Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colon Cancer Syndrome: Mismatch repair genes _______ ______ to make sure mismatches don't accumulate |
proofread DNA
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Problems with Mismatch -
Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colon Cancer Syndrome: At least _____ genes are implicated (involved) |
4
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Name example when Problems with Nucleotide Excion Repair occur:
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Xeroderma Pigmentosum
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Problems with Nucleotide Excion Repair -
Xeroderma Pigmentosum: Mutations are at higher risk when there's |
sun damage from UV light
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Problems with Nucleotide Excion Repair -
Xeroderma Pigmentosum: ___ _______ of ________ is not repaired by the excision process |
UV cross-linking ; pyrimidine
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Problems with Nucleotide Excion Repair -
Xeroderma Pigmentosum: Several ______ are involved, loss of _____ is enough to cause problems |
proteins ; one
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Name example of Problems with Recombination Repair:
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Fanconi Anemia
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Problems with Recombination Repair -
Fanconi Anemia: This is a groups of _____ _______ disorders |
autosomal recessive
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Problems with Recombination Repair - Fanconi Anemia:
______ and ______ in breast cancer can cause this problem. What happens? |
-BRCA1 & BRCA2
-chromosomal breaks and severe aneuploidy occur |
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Regulated Genome Instability:
In Lymphoid Neoplasms, rearrangements of ____ _____ for ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ are controlled instability |
-VDJ genes ; BCR/TCR
-Isotyple Switching -Somatic Hypermutation |
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Regulated Genome Instability:
Mutations In Lymphoid Neoplasms often have |
errors from processes like Isotyple Switching and Somatic Hypermutation
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Chronic Inflammation and Malignancy:
When does inflammation contribute to tumor formation instead of protecting against it? |
-Chronic inflammation: microbial infections or autoimmune responses
-When inflammation occurs in response to tumors |
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Chronic Inflammation and Malignancy:
Common offenders are (3) |
1. H. pylori gastritis
2. HBV 3. HCV |
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Carcinogenesis - Chemical:
Direct-Acting Agents - |
-No metabolic action is needed
-many are used for chemotherapy |
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Carcinogenesis - Chemical:
Indirect-Acting Agents - |
-require metabolism of agent to become
carcinogen -products from the burning of tobacco -broiling or smoking animal fats -epoxides bind dna, rna, proteins |
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Carcinogenesis - Chemical:
Mutagens - common targets are ____ & _____ |
RAS ; p53
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Carcinogenesis - Chemical:
Promotors contribute to |
proliferation of the mutated cells
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Carcinogenesis - Radiation:
List 3 occurrences |
1. Chromosomal breakage
2. Translocation 3. Rarely Point Mutations |
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Carcinogenesis - Microbial and Viral:
Human RNA viruses: (3) |
1. HTLV-1
2. Tropism CD4+ cells 3. TAX |
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Carcinogenesis - Microbial and Viral:
Human RNA virus TAX - |
-triggers GF production
-inhibits p53 and other inhibitors of proliferation |
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Carcinogenesis - Microbial and Viral:
Human DNA viruses: (3) |
-HPV
-EBV -HBV, HCV (hepatitis) |
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Carcinogenesis - Microbial and Viral:
Human DNA Virus HPV - |
-warts and cervical cancer
-interactions with RB & release transcription factors |
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Carcinogenesis - Microbial and Viral:
Human DNA Virus EBV - |
-first virus linked to human tumor
-Burkitt's lymphoma -Attaches to B cells thru CD21 -Causes proliferation & generation lympho-blastoid cell lines |
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Carcinogenesis - Microbial and Viral:
Human DNA virus HBV, HCV (Hepatitis) - |
-70-80% of hepatocellular carcinomas world wide are due to infection
-Has many factors: chronic inflammation cause cell injury, hepatocyte proliferation, ROS production |
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Carcinogenesis - Microbial and Viral:
Helicobacter Pylori is the first _____ _______ because it was first implicated (involved) in _______ _______ |
-"bacterial" carcinogen
-peptic ulcers |
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Carcinogenesis - Microbial and Viral:
List mechanisms of Helicobacter Pylori: (4) |
1. Chronic inflammation
2. Stimulation of Gastric Cell Proliferation 3. ROS that damages DNA 4. CagA stimulates GF pathways |
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Carcinogenesis - Microbial and Viral:
Mechanisms in Helicobacter Pylori leads to |
polyclonal B cell prliferations that result in
monoclonal B cell tumors |