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82 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
sampling |
collecting information about species present in an area |
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sampling scheme |
ways to sample, for example, quadrat and transect |
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transect |
biologist runs a line through the habitat, every organism founded within a fixed distance from the line is recorded |
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quadrat |
habitat is divided into rectangles of known size, a certain number are randomly selected for sampling |
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relative abundance |
how many of each species are present |
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Shannon Wiener Index |
measures number of species and species evenness |
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Rarefaction plot |
looks at the number of species to the number of individuals present |
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Organisms needs for growth and survival |
source of carbon, source of energy |
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heterotrophs |
eat other organisms for energy and carbon etc. |
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autotrophs |
make their own food for energy |
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photosynthesis |
plants harness sunlight for energy (ATP) which is then fixed to CO2 to make carbohydrates |
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chemoautotrophs |
fix CO2 but use energy from the breaking of chemical bonds in substances (oxidizing them) |
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extracellular digestion |
in digestive cavity, an internal sac, where enzymes break down food |
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Extracellular |
takes place outside of cells |
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intracellular |
takes place in cells |
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decomposers or saprobes |
absorbtion of nutrients from dead organisms or biological waste products |
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parasites |
organisms collect nutrients from living hosts |
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biotrophs |
fungi |
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pathogens |
fungi that cause disease |
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light-harvesting pigments |
chorophyll |
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xylem (vascular tissue) |
moves water and disssolved nutrients from the roots into the shoot |
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phloem |
circulates sugars and amino acides throughout plant |
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flowers |
sexual organs of plants |
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endosperm |
3N, nutritive tissue that supports early growth of the diploid plant embryo, example, white part of popcorn |
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seeds |
nutrient storage in the endosperm |
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fruits |
nutrients are stored in the base of the flower, actually inthe ovary that enlarges after fertilzation |
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adaptation |
to evolve specialization to match exteme conditions |
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acclimation |
ability to alter one's phenotype as the environment changes |
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tropism |
+tropism= movement toward a stimulus -tropism=movement away from a stimulus |
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gravitropism |
response to gravity |
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phototropism |
response to light |
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phenotypic plasticity |
genetic ability to acclimate by producing different phenotypes in different conditions |
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blind or two-way guts |
one opneing and anything that cannot be digested is released via the mouth |
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complete or oneway guts |
two opennings: a mouth and an anus |
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processing guts |
contain regions of the digestive tract specialized for particular functions |
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trichomes |
small hairs on the stems and leaves on some plants |
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mobile element |
nitrogen, phosphorous, K, Cl, Mg |
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immobile elements |
calcium and iron |
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homodont dentition |
rows of identical teeth |
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heterodont dentition |
variety of teeh for shearing, crushing, or grinding |
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carnivore teeth |
concical, bladelike, sharp, strong, slicing motion for biting, have canines |
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herbivore teeth |
sharp incisors and heavy grinding teeth, incisors clip the plant, and molars for grinding, they have a gap in the jaw where there are no teeth (diastema) region where canines and premolars |
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saprotrophs |
feed on decaying organisms |
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parasites |
consume part of a lving organism without killing it |
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hyphae |
is a long, branching filamentous structure of a fungus, oomycete, or actinobacterium. In most fungi, hyphae are the main mode of vegetative growth, and are collectively called a mycelium |
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oxygen pickup |
gills lungs |
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oxygen distribution |
blood in circulatory system |
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density |
number of individuals preset in a cartain area (1 organism/ 10m^2)= .1 |
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intraspecific competition |
compete with members of their own species |
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density-dependent |
rates like birth rate and death rate are affected by rgw density of organisms already present at each time period |
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finite rate of increase |
calculates the number of new individuals produced per existing individual during that time period |
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genotype |
gentic makeup |
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phenotype |
physical makeup |
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alleles |
versions of genes |
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fitness |
the number of an individual's offspring that survive to reproduce |
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relative fitness |
number of offspring that survive to reproduce in comparioson to the population average |
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purpose of morph lab |
discover whether there are costs and benfits in terms or realitve fitness to possessing a particular genotype |
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interspecific competition |
occurs when an organism competes for resources with members of another species |
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SS |
eyes (red is dominant) (sepia is recesssive) |
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EE |
body (brown is dominant) (ebony is recessive) |
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population genetics |
study the entire collection of individuals by recording the frequencies of the genotypes and the frequencies of the alleles |
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community age |
older communities have had more time to be colonized by species from surrounding areas and for interactions among species to have effects |
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succession |
community richness and composition changes over time |
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energy inputs |
all the food webs are based on primary productivity (carbon fixation) so productive areas, such as equatorial regions with abundant light and warm temperatures, should support more species |
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resource availability |
communities with a range of resources (heterogenous habitats) should contain more species |
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competition |
given sufficient time, a superior competitor may dominate a community, monopolize resources, and exclude other species (reduces diversity) |
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predation |
large or ecologically important predators reduce prey population sizes, this may reduce competition, permitting many different species to persist |
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facilitation or habitat modification |
the activites or mere presence of some species modify the physical environment in a way that enhances the success of other species, leading to changes in species composition |
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access to colonists |
isolated communities recieve fewer colonists than less isolated communities, so isolated communities may have lower diversity |
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rates of disturbance |
frequent disturbance removes both individuals and species, contiually providing open space and preventing dominance by superior competitiors. May lead to an increase in diversity |
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unitary |
one individual |
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modular |
colony of individuals |
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primary producers |
fix carbon from the atmosphere into organic compounds |
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primary consumers |
eat primary producers |
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secondary consumers |
feed on primary consumers |
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biomass |
biological tissue volume |
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food web |
a collection of trophic levels connected by the flow of energy or biomass |
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refuge |
when prey moves into a place where a predator cannot go |
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refuge in time |
if a prey animal spends part of its life in a stage or phase where the predator cannot eat it |
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refuge in body size |
prey organism may grow too large to consume, or reach a size hwere it can defend itself from the predator |
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risk assessment |
organisms are able to assess the potential costs and benefits of staying in a refuge |
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quatitative trait |
determined by multiple genes |