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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
History of biological weapons:
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Selected emerging and re-emerging pathogens of the past four decades:
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Some Factors Influencing Risk of Emergent Infectious Diseases:
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*Population density (small- & large-scale)
*Proximity to animals *Global travel *Geopolitics (war, poverty, BT, etc.) *Environmental encroachment (altering nature’s balance) *“Natural” Disasters *Human behavior (sex, drugs, etc.) *Technological advances (Abs, ICUs, medical devices, etc.) |
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Biothreat agents: Why terrorists love them and we don’t:
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*Occult and frightening
*Inexpensive, easy-to-produce *Can be aerosolized (1-10 µm) *Survive sunlight, drying, heat *Cause lethal or disabling disease *Person-to-person transmission *No effective Rx or prophylaxis for some |
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Traits of biological weapons:
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2 categories of biological threat agents:
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Anthrax attacks in 2001:
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Inhalational Anthrax
-bacteria gets taken up by alveolar macrophages. -regional lymph nodes enlarge; widened mediastinum. |
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Anthrax v. Influenza-like Illness:
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Cutaneous Anthrax
-dense, woody, indurated edema |
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Describe smallpox:
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*Weaponized viruses may be available
*Airborne transmission *Mortality high; ~30% *Naïve population *High transmission risk to HCWs *Early symptoms nonspecific *Rash appears on extremities with uniform appearance *Scabs over in 1-2 weeks *Contagious until ALL scabs have fallen off |
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-smallpox progression
-day 2, 3, 5, and 8 |
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Hemorrhagic Smallpox
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Smallpox v. Chickenpox:
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monkeypox
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Plague bacillus in Peripheral blood smear
Wright-Giemsa Stain |
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Plague Syndromes:
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Bubonic plague
Primary septicemic plague Primary pneumonic plague Plague meningitis Plague pharyngitis Pestis minor Subclinical infection |
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-bubonic plague
-bubo = enlarged lymph node |
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PLAGUE
*Cervical bubo (not likely after inhalation) *purpura (late disease) *Acral gangrene (late disease) |
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Tularemia: Clinical Presentation:
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*Francisella tularensis
*Extremely variable, depends on: -Route of inoculation -Dose -Virulence *Incubation: 3 – 5d (range: 1 – 21d) *Febrile illness -Chills, headache, myalgia, fatigue, sore throat, cough, shortness of breath, vomiting, diarrhea *Prominent lymphadenopathy |
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Patient with ulceroglandular tularemia
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Cervical lymphadenitis in patient with pharyngeal tularemia
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Chest radiograph of patient with pulmonary tularemia
(Radiograph shows bilateral pneumonitis and left pleural effusion) |
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SARS outbreak results:
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Pandemic prerequisites for flu:
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*Novel virus or subtype in naïve population*
*Ability of virus to replicate in humans resulting in severe illness* *Efficient human-to-human transmission leading to multiple generations of infection * |
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Key organizational aspects of biodefense:
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