Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
case control study
|
observational and retrospective--> asks "what happened"
Odds ratio-- patients with COPD had a higher odds of a history of smoking than those without COPD |
|
cross sectional study
|
Asks what is happening
Observational Measures: Disease Prevalance--> can show risk factors associated with the disease, but not causal to the disease |
|
cohort study
|
observational and prospective
Asks what will happen can measure the relative risk, Smokers had a higher risk of developing COPD than did nonsmokers |
|
Clinical Trial
|
Phase I: healthy volunteers, assess the safety, toxicty and pharmacokinetics of a drug
Phase II: on patietns with the disease of interest: tests efficacy of treatment, optimal dosing and adverse effects Phase III: large number of patients assigned either to the treatment under investigation, or placebo-- compares the new treatment to the current standard of care |
|
meta-analysis
|
pools data from several studies to come to an overall conclusion--> achieves greater statistical power
may be limited by the bias or quality of the individual studies |
|
Sensitivity
|
proportional of all people WITH the disease who test positve
used for screening in diseases with low prevalence SNOUT-- sensitivity rules OUT TP/ (TP + FN) if 100% sensitive, than TP/ (FP+ FN) = 1 and FN are 0 |
|
How do you evaluate diagnostic tests?
|
Test/ Disease + -
+ TP FP _ FN TN |
|
positive skew
|
mean> median> mode
|
|
negative skew
|
mean<median<mode
|
|
precision
|
reliable, consistent reproduction of the same thing
|
|
accuracy
|
the trueness of test measures, the validity of the test
|
|
systematic error
|
reduced accuracy of a test
|
|
random error
|
reduced precision in a test
|
|
Type II Error
|
Saying that NO difference exists, when in fact, one does
"setting a guilty man free" this is also called the beta 1-beta= Power |
|
leading cause of death in people over 65?
|
heart disease
|
|
what is the leading cause of death in infants under 1 year?
|
congentital anomalies
|
|
leading cause of death in teeneages?
|
children: accidents, in general
teenagers: MVA |
|
What is the difference between dysthmic disorder and MDD?
|
persistence of sx, dysthymic, need 2 for 2 years
MDD need 5 of 9 for 2 weeks |
|
Good Samaratan Law
|
care providers must use standard procedures, and the provider can not request or recieve compensation for their action
the patient may refuse care from the provider |
|
WISC-Revised
|
intelligence scale for children-- used to evaluate children from 6--->16 1/2 years
WAIS-- for people older than 16.5 |
|
Vineland Social Maturity test
|
for children with MR
|
|
Emancipation
|
parents are financially responsible for the child until the age of 18; marriage or court order would emancipate
|
|
Mode
Negative Skew |
most common result
curve has the tail on the left mean<median<mode |
|
Delusions
|
are a disorder of thought content
hallucinations are a disorder of perception |
|
Known complication of buproprion?
|
It's an atypical antidepressant, inhibit reuptake of NE and Dopamine.
it can lower the seizure threshold--> even more pronounced in bulemic patients with electrolyte abnormalities fluoxetine is the only FDA approved drug to help prevent relapse in anorexics |
|
Drug often used to treat eating disorders?
|
Fluoxetine--
|
|
Confounding error
|
committed when another variable other than what was being studied influences the results
|
|
atypical depression
|
hypersomnia, overeating, mood reactivity (rather than persistant sadness)
weight gain, and sensitivity to rejection treat with MAO inhibitors or SSRI |
|
Major Depressive Disorder, Reccurent
|
2 times (the 5 or 9 for 2 weeks) with a symptom free interval of 2 months
|
|
What kind of sleep patterns are seen in depressed patients?
|
Multiple night awakenings, early morning awakenings (important screening question)
decreased REM latency, increased REM early in the sleep cycle, increased total REM Sleep |
|
Treatment of Choice for Social Phobias?
Generalized Anxiety Disorders? |
SSRI (fluoxetine)
Buspirone |
|
accumulated substrate in Fabry's?
|
ceramide trihexoside
|
|
accumulated substrate in Neiman Pick's?
|
Sphingomyelin
|
|
accumulated substrate in Krabbe's?
|
galactocerebroside
|
|
Citrate Synthase
|
takes Acetyl Coa and Oxaloacetate and forms Citrate
this inhibits PFK and allosterically activates acetyl CoA Carboxylase (ACC) the enzyme regulating fatty acid synthesis |
|
Rate limiting step for glycogenolysis, and then gluconeogenesis
|
Glycogen Phosphorylase
Fructose 1,6 Bisphosphate |
|
What are the protooncogenes
|
Ras
TGF alpha Abl Sis ERB1 and ERB2 N-myc |
|
N-myc
|
a proto-oncogene--> tumor promotor if activated;
associated with small cellcarcinoma and neuroblastoma |
|
metyrapone
|
blocks cortisol production by inhibiting 11 beta hydroxylase
this decrease in cortisol should stimulate an increase in ACTH from the pituitary gland. |
|
ALL
|
may be B type (70%) or T-cell type;
T-cell type may present with anterior mediastinal compression (cough, etc) |