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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Trephination
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-drilled a hole in the skull
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Galen
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-was a physician to Roman gladiators
-he started to notice changes in behavior after getting hit in head -created the term "hollow nerves" -believed brain was important |
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Descartes
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-took the fluid in brain from Galen but did not use hollow nerve
-instead used "hydraulics" -first to have naturalistic explanation |
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hydraulic model
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-put tubes in statues and increased pressure so that limbs moved
-claimed this is how we move |
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dualism
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our mind, body, and soul is separate from the body
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solipism
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we can only experience our own thoughts.. "I know i'm here but I dont know that you are"
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monism
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the world only consists of one kind of substance:
-Identity position claims that mental processes and brain processes are the same |
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consciousness (the easy one)
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being awake vs. sleepong
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consciousness (the hard one)
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being aware of ones self
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tinbergen's 4 types of explanations
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1. functional
2. ontogenetic 3. evolutionary 4. psysiological |
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functional explanation
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explanation example:
The squirrel peeled the nut because it was hungry and wanted to eat |
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onto-genetic explanation
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explanation example:
the squirrel is developed enough to be able to peel a nut on its own |
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evolutionary explanation
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explanation example:
squirrels spent time in trees because safer, so evolved a digestive system that could handle nuts |
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physiological explanation
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explanation example:
levels of colosysticanine(sp) were high which made the squirrel hungry |
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genotype
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the genetic makeup of an organism
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phenotype
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-observable characteristics of an organism
-effected by environment |
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polygenic
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many genes contributing to one phenotype
exception: PKU |
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what is a phenotype composed of?
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the genotype and the environment
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multiplier effect
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having a small genetic predispostion to something can become a large phenotype due to envir.
-ex: teacher reinforcing by saying "you're so smart!" |
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mRNA (messenger)
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builds proteins
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altruism
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when one puts themself in danger to help someone else OR doing something good to help someone else
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reciprocal altruism
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doing something for someone else because expect them do for u
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kin selection
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we help those that are related to us because they can still pass on our genes
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glial cells
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-"glue"
-compromise about 90% of the brain |
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astrocytes
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-"star-shaped" cell
-takes nutrients such as glucose and O2 and feeds neurons |
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microglia
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-attack and digest things in the nervous system that don't belong
-like an immune system for the NS |
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oligodendrocytes
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-creates myelin
-wraps around many axons -like a skeleton for the brain -makes msgs go faster |
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schwann cells
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-only wrap/myelinates one axon
-uses own body +found in peripheral nervous system |
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radial glia
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-like spokes of a bike
-neurons climb up the spokes then develop |
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threshold of excitation
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- -65 mV or higher
-causes axon hillock to open |
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depolarization
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-UNpolarize
-Na+ rushes in |
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hyperpolarization
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-REpolarize
-K+ rushes out |
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medulla
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-regulated basic life functions (autonomic)
-heart rate and breathing |
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pituitary
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releases hormones to the body
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somatic
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-voluntary
-skeletal muscles |
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autonomic
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-involuntary
-in the gut |
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what are the 2 parts of the autonomic system?
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sympathetic and parasympathetic
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reticular formation
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-wakes up the rest of the brain BY
-producing many neurotransmitters |
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cerebellum
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-"little brain"
-FINE MOTOR CONTROL (skeletal movement) -SNS -important in timing and coordination |
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Periaqueductal gray (PAG)
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-reduces pain
-stimulated by endorphins which block pain -opiums imitate this |
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occipital lobe
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-visual processing
-being conscious of what is seen |
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Parietal lobe
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-somatosensation (bodily)
-what is and isn't our body |
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temporal lobe
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-audition (hearing)
-language |
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frontal
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-long term planning (future)
-rational -social skills |
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thalamus
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-relays sensory info to cortex
-like a filter, only sends important stuff -keeps track even when no aware |
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cortex
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outermost shell of the brain
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hypothalamus
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-neuroendocrine structure
-link b/w whats going on in brain & body |
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pituitary
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releases hormones to the body
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hippocampus
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creates new memories
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amygdala
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-important for fear
-alcohol inhibits |