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85 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Metabolism
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All of the chemical processes that occur in cells, including the breakdown of substances to produce energy, the synthesis of substances necessary for life, and excretion of wastes generated by these processes
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Homeostasis
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A roughly constant internal environment despite an ever changing external environment
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Elements
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Fundamental forms of matter and are composed of atoms that cannot be broken down by normal physical means
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Atoms
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Smallest units that have the properties of any given element
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Atomic Number
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The number of protons in an element
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Ions
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Do not have an equal number of protons and electrons. The atom is not neutral, but charged
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Nonpolar Atoms
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When atoms of a molecule carry no particular charge
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Hydrogen Bond
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A type of weak chemical bond that forms when a partially positive hydrogen atom is attracted to a partially negative atom
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Hydrophilic
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Water loving (mainly polar molecules)
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Hydrophobic
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Water fearing (mainly nonpolar molecules)
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Chemical Reactions
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Changes in the chemical composition of substances
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Products
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Molecules formed as a result of a chemical reaction
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Reactants
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Solutes in a mixture
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Cohesion
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Tendency of like molecules to stick together
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Acid
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A substance that donates H+ ions to a solution
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Base
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A substance that accepts H+ ions
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Salts
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Produced with the reaction of an acid and a base
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pH scale
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A measure of the relative amounts of these ions in a solution
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Organic Chemistry
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The branch of chemistry that is concerned with complex carbon-containing molecules
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Electron Shell
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Closest to the nucleus and the electrons there have the lowest energy
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Valence Shell
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An atoms outermost shell
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Covalent Bond
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When atoms share electrons to complete their valence shell
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Ionic Bonds
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Form between charged atoms attracted to each other by similar, opposite charges
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Hydrocarbons
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Made up of chains and rings of carbon and hydrogen
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Macromolecules
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Large organic molecules made of many subunits, that are known to be produced only by living organisms
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Carbohydrates
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Sugars that provide a major source of energy for daily activities
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Polysaccharides
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Polymers of sugar monomers
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Proteins
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Important structural components of cells. Integral to the structure of the cell membranes and make up half the dry weight of most cells
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Enzymes
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Accelerate and help regulate all the chemical reactions that help build up and break down molecules inside cells
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Amino Acids
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Monomer subunits
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Lipids
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Partially or entirely hydrophobic organic molecules made primarily of hydrocarbons
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Fat
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3-carbon glycerol molecule with up to 3 long hydrocarbon chains attached to it
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Steroids
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Composed of 4 fused carbon containing rings
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Phospholipids
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Similar to fats except each glycerol molecule is attached to 2 fatty acid tails
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Nucleotides
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Long strings of monomers that make up Nucleic acids
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Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
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Nucleic acid that helps cells synthesize proteins
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Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
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Nucleic acid that serves as the primary storage of genetic information
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Nitrogenous bases
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Adenine (A), Guanine (G), Thymine (T), and Cytosine (C). Form bonds with each other across the width of the helix
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Base-pairing rule
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A pairs with T; G pairs with C
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Purines
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A and G on the DNA helix, double ringed structures
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Pyrimidines
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C and T are single ring structures on the helix and are called
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Sugar-phosphate backbone
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Each strand of helix consists of a series of sugars and phosphates alternating along the length of the helix
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James Watson and Francis Crick
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Determined the structure of DNA
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Cell
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Fundamental structural unit of life on Earth, separated from its environment by a membrane and sometimes an external wall
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Prokaryotes
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Have no nucleus. Do not contain any membrane bound internal compartments. Have a cell wall
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Eukaryotes
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Have a nucleus. Have internal structures with specialized skills called organelles
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Plasma Membrane
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Defines the outer boundary of each cell, isolates the cell's content from the environment, and serves as a semipermeable barrier determining which nutrients are allowed in and out of the cell
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Phospholipid Bilayer
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A cluster in which the tails of the phospholipids interact with themselves and exclude water while the heads maximize their exposure to the surrounding water both inside and outside the membrane
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Semipermeable
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Cell membranes allow some substances to cross and prevent others from crossing
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Cytoplasm
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Includes the cytosol and organelles
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Mitochondria
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Help the cells convert food energy into a form usable by cells called ATP
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Chloroplasts
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Use energy from sunlight to make sugars
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Lysosomes
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Help break down substances
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Endoplasmic Reticulum
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An extensive membranous organelle that can be studded with ribosomes and involved in protein synthesis (rough ER) or tubular in shape and involved in lipid synthesis (smooth ER)
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Centrioles
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Involved in moving genetic material around when a cell divides
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Cytoskeleton
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Help maintain the cell shape
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Central Vacuole
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Stores water, sugars, and pigments
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Golgi apparatus
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Is a membranous structure where proteins that are assembled on the membranes of the rough ER can be modified and sorted
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Species
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Types of living organisms present on Earth today
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Theory of Evolution
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The theory that all organisms on Earth today are descendants of a single ancestor that arose in the distant past
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Nutrients
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Another name for the substances in food that provide structural materials or energy
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Macronutrients
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Nutrients that are required in large amounts. (water, carbohydrates, proteins, and fats
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Dehydration
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A decrease below the body's required water level
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Complex Carbohydrates
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Multisubunit sugars composed of many different branching chains of sugar monomers. (found in veggies, breads, legumes, and pasta)
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Processed food
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A food that has undergone extensive refinement and, in doing so, has been stripped of much of it's nutritional value
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Whole Foods
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Foods that have not been stripped of their nutritional value by processing
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Essential Amino Acids
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The amino acids your body cannot synthesize. Must be supplied by the foods you eat
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Complete Proteins
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Contain all the essential amino acids your body needs
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Essential fatty acids
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Must be obtained from the diet. Fatty acids that cannot be synthesized
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Saturated Fat
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When the carbons of a fatty acid are bound to as many hydrogens as possible
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Unsaturated Fat
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When there are carbon-to-carbon double bonds and the fatty acid is not saturated in hydrogens
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Polyunsaturated
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Fatty acids that contain many unsaturated carbons
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Hydrogenation
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When hydrogen atoms are added to unsaturated fats by combining hydrogen gas with vegetable oils under pressure. Increases the level of saturation in a fat
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Trans fats
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Produced by incomplete hydrogenation
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Micronutrients
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Nutrients that are essential in minute amounts, such as vitamins and minerals
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Coenzymes
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Molecules that help enzymes and thus speed up the body's chemical reactions
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Antioxidants
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Thought to play a role in the prevention of many diseases, including cancer
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Free Radicals
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Can damage cell membranes and DNA
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Diffusion
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Movement of molecules from where they are in high concentration to where they are in low concentration
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Passive Transport
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When substances diffuse across the plasma membrane
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Osmosis
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A form of passive transport that moves water across the membrane
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Exocytosis
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Occurs when a membrane bound vesicle, carrying some substance, fuses with the plasma membrane and releases its contents to the exterior of the cell
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Endocytosis
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Occurs when a substance is brought into the cell by a vesicle pinching the plasma membrane inward
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Facilitated Diffusion
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The diffusion of molecules assisted by substrate specific proteins
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Active Transport
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Moves substances across their concentration gradient and requires ATP energy to do so
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