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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Integumentary System
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covers body -protects from injury, infection, excessive heat or cold, drying
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Skeletal System
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provides body support, protects certain organs, works with the muscular system in body movements
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Muscular System
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Enables body movement and facial expressions, essential to human communication
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Nervous System
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Coordinates body activities by detecting stimuli and directing the bodies responses
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Digestive System
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ingests food, breaks down into smaller chemical units, eliminates undigested material
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Circulatory System
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delivers oxygen and nutrients to body cells and transports waste products to organs
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Respiratory System
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exchanges gases with the environment
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Endocrine System
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secretes hormones -affect the functions of target cells -regulates activities of other organ systems
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Excretory System
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removes waste, regulates chemical make up of blood
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Lymphatic System
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supports function of circulatory system – returns fluid to blood vessels near heart; part of the immune system
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Immune System
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defends body against infections and cancer cells
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Reproductive System
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– produces gametes; female – provides organs needed to support a developing embryo
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Levels of body structure
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cell – tissue – organ – organ system - organism
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Epithelial tissue
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closely packed cells covering entire surface of body forming lining for organs
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Connective tissue
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main function is to hold together and support other tissues, and to cushion, insulate and connect organs
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Nervous Tissue
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forms the communication system that makes behavior possible
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Neuron
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basic unit of nervous tissue, or the nerve cell
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Skeletal muscle
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voluntary muscle, attached to the bones of your skeleton, allowing you to move various parts of your body
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Involuntary muscle
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a muscle that works without you controlling it
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Cardiac Muscle
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muscles that cause your heart to pump blood and contain cardiac muscle tissue
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Smooth muscle
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involuntary muscles that contain smooth muscle tissue, found in most of your organs, perform many necessary functions without you having to think about them
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Homeostasis
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internal stability or “steady state” maintained by your body
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Hormones
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signal molecules that are released by glands into the bloodstream, carried to other parts of your body where they trigger particular responses
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Interstitial fluid
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the internal exchange takes place through an aqueous solution – fills gaps between cells in the tissue
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Integumentary system
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the body’s outer covering, separates the body from the external environment
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Epidermis
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the outermost layer of your skin
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Melanin
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the pigmented protein that gives your skin color
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Dermis
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the skin layer that lies beneath and supports the epidermis, made mostly of fiberous connective tissue, give the skin it’s strength and elacticity
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Hypodermis
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tissue layer below the dermis, contains tissue adipose
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Adipose
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a kind of connective tissue , fat storing cells & blood vessels
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Hair & Nails
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part of the integumentary system – composed of Keratin (protein) – hair is formed in pockets called follicles – follicle cells produce and deposit Keratin at the base of each hair shaft causing it to grow – nails are also made of Keratin grow when living cells push it outward
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Vertebra
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backbone – which supports the spinal cord consists of these small bones
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Cartilage
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type of connective tissue softer than bone –found between vertebraes-
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Cartilage Disks
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act as cushions between vertebrae and permit the spinal cord to twist and bend
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Marrow
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specialized tissue that many bones contain –
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Joint
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an area where one bone meets another bone
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Immovable Joints
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allow little or no movement (ex. Bones in your skull & ribs)
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Ligament
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strong fiberous connective tissue – hold together bones in movable joints
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Arthritis
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involves inflammation of the joints
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Osteoporosis
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a disorder in which bones become thinner, more porous and more easily broken.
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Tendon
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muscle attached to a bone by a type of dense connective tissue.
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Muscle fiber
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a single long cylindrical muscle cell that contains many nuclei
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Myofibrils
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bundles of smaller units found inside a muscle fiber-alternating light and dark bands (also known as striated muscle or striped)
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Sarcomere
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the muscle fiber’s basic unit of action- the unit that contracts. Composed of two kinds of filaments- thin and thick –composed of protein actin and myosin
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Actin
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protein that compose the thin filaments and have a twisted, ropelike structure.
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Myosin
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proteins that compose the thick filaments and have bump like projections called myosin heads
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Steps in contraction
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1. myosin head bind to thin filaments
2. myosin heads bend pulling filaments to center of sarcomere 3. ATP then binds to each head releasing it from thin filament 4. Myosin now free to attach to a new spot and further pull the thin filament along 5. The sarcomere shortens 6. process continues until sarcomere is fully contracted 7. sarcomeres shorten together – entire muscle contracts *Note: filaments don’t get shorter by themselves as they slide across one another their overlap increases |
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Anatomy
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the study of the structure of an organism and its parts
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Physiology
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is the study of what structures do and how they do it
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Tissue
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unit of similar cells – perform specific function
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Organ
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several tissues together form specific tasks
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Organ system
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multiple organs perform body function
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