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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
First law of thermodynamics
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total energy in the universe is constant (energy is neither created nor destroyed)
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second law
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total usuable energy in a system decreases as energy conversions take place (given off as heat). This increases entropy (randomness, disorder)
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free energy
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amount of energy available to break and reform bonds
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Delta G
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-=exergonic reaction, energy releasing
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coupled reaction
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endergonic reactions can occur when coupled to series or pathways of reactions that are exergonic ("domino effect")
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active sites on enzymes
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a place or area on a protein that is determined by its tertiary structure
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substrates
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bind to specific active site of a specific protein. (after a substrate binds it shifts tertiary strucutre which may enhance of inhibit further bonding. known as induced fit
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How do enzymes lower activation energy?
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-increase local concentration of molecules
-position molecules in relation to each other so they can bond |
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competitive inhibition
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a molecule other than the usual substrate binds in the active site and blocks normal product formation
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allosteric effects
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molecules bind on enzyme somewhere other than the active site but still affect aite by altering tertiary structure
-non-competitive inhibition |
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cofactors
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molecules that assit in enzyme function
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metal ions
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can pull electrons away from substrate molecules because of their charge
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coenzymes
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cofactors that are non-protein organic molecules. often operate to transfer electrons between molecules, therefore are redox pairs
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multienzyme complexes
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increase efficiency of catalytic events by increasing concentration of reactants, decreasing competeing reactions, operating as a unit
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ATP structure
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-one nitrogen base-adenine
-one sugar-ribose -one-three phosphate group |
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ATP hydrolysis
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-liberates 7 Kcal/bond
-drives endergonic reactions -phosphorylates-add a phosphate functional group -can cause couple reactions |
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glycolysis
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sugar splitting, occurs in the cytoplasm of all cells
-energy obtained from breaking the C-H bonds of glucose |
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Glycolysis reaction
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6 carbons (glucose) yields 2 molecules of pyruvic acid (3 carbons)
-net yield= 2 ATP, 2 NADH |
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Kreb's cycle
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-occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria
-1 ATP per turn |
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electron transport chain
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electrons are passed from glucose to oxygen in a series of steps with electrons "falling", releasing stored energy at each step.
-occurs in the inner inner mitochondrial membrane, the cristae |
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cellular respiration of fats
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in the matrix lipids either become
1. glycerol or fatty acid 2. broken down into fatty acids (chains)->2 carbon pieces (acetyl groups) -> acetyl CoA |
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Fermentation
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-anaerobic respiration
-conversion of pyruvic acid to either ethanol or lactic acid -small amount of ATP made |
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chloroplasts
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the only pigment that directly converts light energy to chemical energy by boosting electrons to higher energy levels
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CAM
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stomates stay closed during the day, but open at night
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