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74 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
•Each plant organ is composed of three basic types of tissue, what are they?
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dermal, vascular, and ground
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what is the general function of the dermal tissue?
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outer protective skin. Protection from pathogens and physical damge
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what is the general function of the vascular tissue?
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called the stele, central vascular cylinder
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what is the function of ground tisse?
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cells specialized for storage, photosynthesis and support
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what is the dermal tissue of nonwood plants?
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epidermis
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what is the dermal tissue of woody plants?
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periderm
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what is plant tissue that conducts the flow of watern and minerals into the plant they are dead when functionally mature?
what type of tissue is it? |
xylem, vascular
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what is the plant tisse that transports organic nutrients, it is alive and functional maturity? what type of tissue is it?
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phloem, vascular
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what is the waxy coat on the surface of leaves and stems that prevents water loss?
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cuticle
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what are the long tapered water conducting cell found in the xylem of nearly all vascular plants called?
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tracheid cells
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what are the cells that are only in the xylem of some vascular plants that are wider,shorter, and thinner walled?
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vessel element cells
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what ground tissue is internal to the vascular tissue in a stem?
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pith
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what ground tissue is external to the vascular tissue in a stem?
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cortex
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IN gymnosperms and most eudicots, vascular bundles are arrange how?
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in a ring
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in monocot stems how are the vascular bundles arranged?
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scattered
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the xylem faces ______ toward the _________
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inward, pith
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the phloem faces______ outward, toward the _________
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outward, cortex
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what is the pore surrounded by 2 guard cells on leaves and stems that allows for gas exhange and regulates water loss called?
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stomata
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what are the two cells that regulate the opening and closing of the stomata?
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guard cells
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where is the mesophyll located? what tissue?
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ground
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what mesophyll cells are in the upper part and are long cells? what tisue are they found in?
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palisade, ground root tissue
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what mesophyll cells are loosley packed and allow for air circulation?
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spongy
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in stem Vascular bundles are arranged in a ring. Xylem faces inward toward the pith. Phloem toward the cortex and outward. what type of plant?
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gymnosperms and most eudicots
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in the stem vascular bundles re scattered in what type of plants? xylem radiates from the center in spoke, phloem is arranged in between the spokes.
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monocots
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In root which plants have the vascular cylinder in the center?
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gymnosperm, eudicots, and some monocots
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in some monocot roots vascular tissue is organized how?
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in alternating rings with ground tissue surrounding it. But it is located in the center.
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what growth continues beyond embryonic and juvenile periods?
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indeterminant
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In some plant organs such as leaves do not stop growing, what is this called?
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determinant growth
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where does indeterminant growth occur?
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meristems
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what plants completes its entire life cycle in a single year?
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annuals
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what plants that requires 2 years to complete its life cycle?
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biennials
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what plants live many years?
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perennials
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what do plants die of? old age?
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No they die of infection, drought, and trauma
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how does indeterminant growth occur?
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plsnt growth continues beyond embryonic and juvenile. Primary growth in the apical meristems (growth in length). Secondary growth in lateral meristems(adds girth)
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which growth is produced by the apical meristem ands, lengthing stems and roots?
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primary growth
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what growth is produced by lateral meristems, thickening the roots and shoots of woody plants?
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secondary growth
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does secondary growth occur in monocots?
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rarley
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what is the dome shaped mass at the tip of the terminal bud and are the tips of roots?
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apical meristem
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what adds layers of secondary xylem and phloem? what type of growth does it occur in? It is also repsonsible for thickening of a root or shoot.
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vascular cambium, secondary
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what replaces the epidermis with periderm? what type of growth does it occur in?
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cork cambium, secondary
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what type of meristems does secondary growth have?
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lateral
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decribe the 3 zones in primary growth of roots.
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cell division- apical meristem and root cap.
elongation- cells grow longer, pushing the root tip further into the ground. Maturation- cells complete differentiation |
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describe growth with in a bud.
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leaves arise from finger like projections at either side.illary buds form from meristem tissue left at the base of the leaf primordia (give rise to lateral shoots) Nodes and internodes are compacted withon the bud and elogation occurs within the internodes.
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what is it when leaves arise from finger like projections at either side?
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leaf primordia
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where is thickness produced and by what?
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occurs in older regions of gymnosperms and eudicots produced by lateral meristems
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what produces a tough thick covering?
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secondary cambium
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do cells of cork cambium continue to divide?
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no there is no increase in circumference unlike vascular cambium
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what includes all tissues external to the vascualar cambium? and what are they
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Bark, contains secondary phloam, cork cambium, older layers of periderm
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how are rings in a tree trunk created?
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in temperate climates, growth is interrupted during winter, when growth resumes, the boundary, between the new growth and the older growth appears as ring.
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why cant cork cambium continue to divide?
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the thickening of the stem or root splits the cork cambium, it looses its embryonic activity
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what happens to the older phloem?
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it sloughs off
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what are older layers of secondary xylem that are closest to the center that no longer function called?
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heartwood
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What is the new xylem in the outer layer called? it transports more sap, supplying more leaves
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sapwood
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•in tranpiration Stomata lead to a maze of internal air spaces. Describe the concentration of water here compared to in the environment. why does water exit the stomata?
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these air spaces are saturated with water becasue of contact with plant cell walls. the water exits the leaf because the air surrounding a plant is usually drier than the air spaces.
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what is it called when yoou completley remove a ring of bark around the entire circumferemence of a tree?
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girdling
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•Loss of water vapor from leaves via evaporation and diffusion creates what type of force? How is this force maintained throughout a plant? (explain cohesion and adhesion)
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Transpirattional pull. It draws water and mineral s out of the xylem (as molecules leave the air-water interface, the surface tension icnreases, creating neg. pressure). Pulls sap through the rest of the plant. Depends on adhesion of water to cellulose and cohesion of water molecules to each other.
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What causes root pressure and when is it significant?
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accumulation of mineral causes water to flow in. An upward push of xylem sap creates root pressure.significant at night
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what is it called when in the morning, root pressure can exceed transpiration- water dropletrs appear on the leaf surface.
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guttation
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Describe the regulation of stomata, be specific
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Co2 concentration: in the morning , photosynthesis depletes the amount of CO2 in the leaf which triggers the opening. The light stimulates guard cells to take upK+ and then water, become rigid.INternal clock: circadian rythyms open and close the pores every 12 hrs.
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What factors effect the density of stomata
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genetics, environment- light and Co2 concnetration during development
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Why is stomata density studied?
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atmospheric Co2 levels can be estimated based on the stomal leaf density of fossils and leaf remains.
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what is the flow of nutrients though the pholem called?
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translocation
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does traslocation always go in the same direction? describe
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Flow is varaible. sugars are allows carried from a sugar source to a sugar sink
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What is the composition of phloem sap?
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sucrose
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Give and example of a sugar source and a sugar sink
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net producer (leaves), a net concumer (growing roots, buds, stems, fruits)
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the epidermis is what type of tissue?
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dermal
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the periderm is what type of tissue?
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dermal
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the xylem and phloem are in what type of tissue?
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vascular
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the tracheid cells and vessel element cells would be found in what typeof tissue?
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vascular
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the pith and cortex would be found in what type of tissue?
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ground
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the stomata would be found in what type of tissue?
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dermal
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guard cells would be found in what type of tissue?
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dermal
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cuticle would be found in what type of tissue?
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dermal
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mesophyll would be found in what type of tissue?
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ground
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